¹One study was part of a high volume laparoscopic referral centre. (98) One study had no previous laparoscopic experience (101), or adoption of technique. (99) Remaining studies were experienced in laparoscopy. (88)

²Learning curve was variably defined as initial robotic surgeries (98); initial experience with robotic technique (101); learning curve (87); acquired a robot (99); early experience. (88)