¹Peri-operative and post-operative complications (88); Intra-operative and peri-operative complications (99); short-term post-operative complications (87); peri-operative and post-operative complications (80); overall complications. (98)

²One study was experienced in laparoscopy (88); one study adopted the laparoscopic technique (99); the remaining studies were also experienced in laparoscopy. One study was part of a high volume laparoscopic referral centre. (98)

³Learning curve was variably defined as early experience (88); acquiring a robot (99); learning curve (87); learning curve with robotic surgery (80); initial robotic surgeries. (98)

⁴No deaths in either group in Rozet 2007.

⁵No conversions to open surgery in Srinualnad 2008 and Ploussard 2009.