Table 1.

Studies on beta power changes related to language processing (in chronological order).

Authors (in chronological order)	Beta power change	Task and stimuli	Frequency range (Hz)	Time after word onset and topography	Interpretation
Klimesch et al. (2001)		Visual
		Meaningful words vs. pseudowords	∼14–16	Left frontal, left parietal	Grapheme-phoneme encoding
		Dyslexics and controls
Singh et al. (2002)		Visual
		Word generation	15–25	Left prefrontal and inferior frontal	Increase of neuronal activation
		Letter fluency task
Bastiaansen et al. (2005)		Visual
		Open class vs. closed class words	16–21	200–500 ms Left and right occipito-temporal	Higher attention to more important words
Davidson and Indefrey (2007)		Visual
		Non-grammatical vs. grammatical sentences	14–30	500–900 ms	Attention to grammatical violation
Grabner et al. (2007)		Visual
		High-frequency vs. low-frequency words	20–30	400 ms	Stronger motor preparation for high-frequency words
		Translation of words from English to German
Hirata et al. (2007)		Visual
		Emotional vs. emotionless nouns	13–30	Left inf. and mid frontal, Anterior cingulate cortex Right prefrontal	Emotional processing
Fisher et al. (2008)		Auditory
			15–25	250–500 ms Left inf. frontal
					Language lateralization, neuronal activation
		Verb generation	12–20	Right frontal and sup. parietal
Kim and Chung (2008)		Auditory
		Deviant vs. standard words	13–25	Left inf. frontal and post. sup. temporal	Occurrence of unexpected stimuli
		Oddball paradigm in epilepsy patients
Hanslmayr et al. (2009)		Visual
		Remembered vs. not remembered nouns	12–20	500–1500 ms left frontal and parietal	Semantic encoding of episodic memories
		Deep semantic encoding
Shahin et al. (2009)		Auditory
		Semantic vs. voice analysis	13–20	150–600 ms, posterior electrodes	13–20 Hz: attention, motor preparation, memory search
		Oddball paradigm	25–30	Fronto-central	25–30 Hz: template matching in auditory memory
Bastiaansen et al. (2010)		Visual
		correct sentences vs. word category violation	13–18	Left frontal, left and right parietal	Maintenance of lexico-syntactic information over time
Luo et al. (2010)		Visual
		Incongruous vs. congruous noun	16–20	0–200 ms, anterior 400–657 ms	16–20 Hz: lexico-semantic integration and reanalysis
			20–24	0–200 ms, central 400–657 ms	20–24 Hz: reanalysis/repair process of prosodic structure
		Defect vs. intact rhythmic sentence pattern	20–24
van Elk et al. (2010)		Visual
		Verbs in animal vs. human context	20–30	500–600 ms Motor and premotor	Retrieval of action semantics, Motor activation