Table 1.
Demographics, cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and initial treatment of children with immigrant parents of non-western European origin (non-Western) and children with parents of western-European origin (Western)
| Non-Western, n = 79 (44) | Western, n = 100 (56) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 50 (63) | 52 (52) | 0.130a |
| Origin of parents | Morocco: 15 | Netherlands: 63 | - |
| Turkey: 15 | Belgium: 34 | ||
| Surinam: 9 | Germany: 1 | ||
| Asia: 5 | Luxembourg: 1 | ||
| Dutch Antilles/Caribbean: 3 | United Kingdom: 1 | ||
| Russia: 2 | |||
| Africa (other): 15 | |||
| Middle East (other): 15 | |||
| Country of birth | Netherlands: 37 | Netherlands: 63 | - |
| Belgium: 13 | Belgium: 34 | ||
| United Kingdom: 2 | Germany: 1 | ||
| Morocco: 2 | Luxembourg: 1 | ||
| Turkey: 3 | United Kingdom: 1 | ||
| Surinam: 3 | |||
| Asia: 2 | |||
| Dutch Antilles/Caribbean: 2 | |||
| Africa (other): 6 | |||
| Middle East (other): 9 | |||
| Ethnicity | - | ||
| Caucasian | 42 (53) | 97 (97) | |
| Black | 25 (32) | 0 | |
| Asian | 7 (9) | 0 | |
| Mixed | 5 (6) | 3 (3) | |
| Primary cause of ESRD | 0.787c | ||
| -Glomerulopathy | 18 (23) | 28 (28) | |
| -Hemolytic uremic syndrome | 4 (5) | 6 (6) | |
| -Urinary tract malformation | 15 (19) | 16 (16) | |
| -Dysplasia | 20 (26) | 24 (24) | |
| -Primary interstitial nephritis | 1 (1) | 4 (4) | |
| -Tubular necrosis | 5 (6) | 8 (8) | |
| Other | 16 (20) | 14 (14) | |
| Educational attainment of the parents | 0.007a | ||
| -Elementary school | 15 (19) | 12 (12)+1.36 | |
| -Secondary education | 8 (10) | 28 (28)+1.37 | |
| -Post-secondary education missing | 9 (11) | 30 (30)+1.38 | |
| -Missing | 47 (60) | 30 (30)+1.39 | |
| Initial treatment of ESRD. Age at start of dialysis, years* median (range) | |||
| Total | 6.4 (0–17.0) | 6.4 (0–18.5) | 0.551b |
| HD | 10.0 (0–17.0) | 8.3 (1.1–18.5) | 0.814b |
| PD | 2.1 (0–16.6) | 4.9 (0–16.7) | 0.078b |
| eGFR (ml/1.73 m2) at start | |||
| dialysis* | 7.4 (3.5–20.5) | 7.5 (2.4–31.5) | 0.687b |
| “Poor condition” as reason to start dialysis | 24 (30) | 36 (36) | 0.429a |
| First dialysis modality | 0.046a | ||
| HD | 41 (52) | 37 (37) | |
| PD | 38 (48) | 63 (63) | |
| PD modality | 0.241a | ||
| CCPD/APD | 28 (78) | 55 (82) | |
| CAPD | 7 (19) | 7 (11) | |
| Missing | 1 (3) | 5 (7) | |
| Inclusion in RICH-Q | |||
| Prevalent patients | 46 (58%) | 63 (63%) | 0.516a |
| Duration of dialysis before inclusion months*1 | |||
| HD (n = 42) | 17.5 (3.8–63.4) | 8.2 (3.1–65.3) | 0.018b |
| PD (n = 46) | 19.3 (4.1–77.5) | 10.6 (3.4–49.4) | 0.453b |
Data are presented as n (percentage); *data are presented as median (range), aChi-square test, bMann–Whitney U test, cFisher’s exact test, 1From start of dialysis until inclusion for the prevalent patients), eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate Schwartz. ( Ref. 2009), HD hemodialysis, PD peritoneal dialysis, CCPD continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis, CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, APD automated peritoneal dialysis, RICH-Q renal insufficiency therapy in children-quality assessment and improvement. Prevalent defined as >3 months treated with dialysis before inclusion