Table 3.
Comparison of the outcomes between children with immigrant parents of non-western European origin (non-Western and children with parents of western-European origin (Western) with end-stage renal disease
| Non-Western | Western | P value | IRR [95%CI] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood values (at inclusion) | n | Median (range) | n | Median (range) | ||
| Hemoglobin mmol/l | ||||||
| -Incident | 30 | 6.8 (4.1–8.7) | 34 | 6.5 (3.6–8.2) | 0.174b | |
| -Prevalent | 46 | 6.9 (4.6–9.4) | 60 | 7.0 (3.5–9.0) | 0.871b | |
| Phosphate mmol/l | ||||||
| -Incident | 30 | 1.65 (1.02–3.16) | 34 | 1.58 (0.82–2.96) | 0.527b | |
| -Prevalent | 46 | 1.68 (0.78–2.58) | 60 | 1.68 (0.85–2.79) | 0.831b | |
| Calcium mmol/l | ||||||
| -Incident | 28 | 2.44 (1.25–3.24) | 33 | 2.40 (1.89–2.76) | 0.767b | |
| -Prevalent | 46 | 2.45 (2.00–3.09) | 59 | 2.43 (1.90–3.58) | 0.481b | |
| iPTH pmol/l | ||||||
| -Incident | 29 | 14.9 (0.1–159) | 28 | 11.6 (0.1–121) | 0.534b | |
| -Prevalent | 44 | 17.6 (0.3–158) | 58 | 14.1 (0.4–176) | 0.570b | |
| Alkaline phosphatase U/l | ||||||
| -Incident | 8 | 411 (71– 987) | 10 | 233 ( 4–825) | 0.324b | |
| -Prevalent | 22 | 408 (84–1,254) | 24 | 201 (33–1,716) | 0.043b | |
| Homocysteine umol/l | ||||||
| -Incident | 6 | 9.5 (4.2–14.2) | 10 | 13.3 (5.3–30.7) | 0.093b | |
| -Prevalent | 19 | 10.6 (3.0–26.0) | 29 | 12.1 (6.0–113.0) | 0.217b | |
| Hypertension1 | ||||||
| (at inclusion) | 76 | 33 (43) | 4 | 45 (47) | 0.607 | |
| Renal osteodystrophy (at inclusion) | ||||||
| X-ray hand: Moderate or severe signs | ||||||
| Total | 65 | 22 (34) | 83 | 15 (18) | 0.028a | |
| -incident | 22 | 6 (27) | 29 | 3 (11) | 0.150 | |
| -prevalent | 43 | 16 (36) | 54 | 12 (22) | 0.120 | |
| Infection | IRR [95%CI] | |||||
| Number of peritonitis episodes per patient year PD at risk | 34 | 1.00 | 60 | 0.41 | - | 2.44 [1.43–4.17] |
| Number of HD exit sites or tunnel infections per patient year HD at risk | 46 | 0.34 | 33 | 0.45 | - | 0.75 [0.38–1.50] |
| Hospitalization | ||||||
| Total number of hospitalizations per patient | 79 | 100 | ||||
| Year at risk | 2.72 | 3.71 | - | 0.73 [0.62–0.87] | ||
| Age < 4 years | 4.34 | 5.49 | 0.79 [0.60–1.03] | |||
| Age > 4 years | 2.29 | 3.12 | 0.73 [0.59–0.91] | |||
| HD | 1.97 | 2.56 | 0.77 [0.58–1.03] | |||
| PD | 3.34 | 3.33 | 1.00 [0.79–1.26] | |||
| Days of hospitalization per year | 73 | 88 | ||||
| All ages | 18 (0–282) | 12 (0–196) | 0.427b | |||
| <4 years | 35 (7–282) | 22 (0–196) | 0.228b | |||
| >4 years | 12 (0–162) | 10 (0–158) | 0.422b | |||
Data are presented as n (percentage), * data are presented as median (range), a Chi-square test, bMann–Whitney U test; iPTH immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, HD hemodialysis, PD peritoneal dialysis, IRR incidence rate ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. 1Hypertension was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressures > p95 of the Task Force Report normal values corrected for age and gender [8]. Prevalent is defined as >3 months treated with dialysis before inclusion. Incident is defined as included within 3 months after start of dialysis