Table 2.
Associations between changes in economic difficulties and sleep problems at follow-up. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI).
| Economic difficulties at baseline and follow-up | Model 0: Age adjusted for |
Model 1: Model 0+baseline sleep problems |
Model 2: Model 1+childhood economic difficulties |
Model 3: Model 2+sociodemographic and socioeconomic factorsa |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI 9 | |
| Helsinki Health Study, Finland (n = 6328) | ||||||||
| Economic difficulties at baseline and follow-up | ||||||||
| No change (None-None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No change (Occasional-Occasional) | 1.05 | (0.85–1.30) | 1.09 | (0.86–1.36) | 1.07 | (0.85–1.35) | 1.13 | (0.89–1.43) |
| No change (Frequent-Frequent) | 1.86 | (1.52–2.27) | 1.63 | (1.32–2.02) | 1.59 | (1.29–1.97) | 1.72 | (1.35–2.18) |
| Decrease (Occasional-None) | 1.06 | (0.86–1.30) | 1.02 | (0.81–1.27) | 1.00 | (0.80–1.26) | 1.02 | (0.81–1.28) |
| Decrease (Frequent-Occasional) | 1.08 | (0.83–1.41) | 0.98 | (0.74–1.31) | 0.97 | (0.73–1.29) | 1.05 | (0.78–1.41) |
| Decrease (Frequent-None) | 1.26 | (0.95–1.67) | 1.11 | (0.81–1.52) | 1.09 | (0.79–1.49) | 1.13 | (0.82–1.55) |
| Increase (None-Occasional) | 1.00 | (0.79–1.26) | 0.94 | (0.73–1.20) | 0.93 | (0.73–1.20) | 0.98 | (0.76–1.26) |
| Increase (Occasional-Frequent) | 1.64 | (1.26–2.13) | 1.64 | (1.25–2.16) | 1.61 | (1.22–2.13) | 1.73 | (1.30–2.32) |
| Increase (None-Frequent) | 1.84 | (1.29–2.62) | 1.68 | (1.15–2.45) | 1.66 | (1.14–2.43) | 1.81 | (1.22–2.68) |
| Whitehall II Study, UK (n = 5002) | ||||||||
| Economic difficulties at baseline and follow-up | ||||||||
| No change (None-None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No change (Occasional-Occasional) | 1.18 | (0.92–1.51) | 1.08 | (0.83–1.42) | 1.07 | (0.82–1.40) | 1.12 | (0.84–1.48) |
| No change (Frequent-Frequent) | 1.35 | (1.05–1.73) | 1.19 | (0.91–1.57) | 1.16 | (0.88–1.53) | 1.27 | (0.94–1.71) |
| Decrease (Occasional-None) | 1.06 | (0.87–1.30) | 1.01 | (0.81–1.26) | 1.01 | (0.81–1.26) | 1.04 | (0.83–1.30) |
| Decrease (Frequent-Occasional) | 1.15 | (0.85–1.56) | 1.10 | (0.80–1.52) | 1.08 | (0.78–1.50) | 1.18 | (0.84–1.65) |
| Decrease (Frequent-None) | 1.25 | (0.90–1.73) | 1.23 | (0.87–1.73) | 1.21 | (0.85–1.70) | 1.29 | (0.91–1.83) |
| Increase (None-Occasional) | 1.05 | (0.76–1.45) | 0.96 | (0.67–1.38) | 0.95 | (0.66–1.37) | 0.95 | (0.66–1.37) |
| Increase (Occasional-Frequent) | 1.46 | (1.01–2.13) | 1.43 | (0.95–2.16) | 1.42 | (0.94–2.14) | 1.51 | (1.00–2.27) |
| Increase (None-Frequent) | 1.64 | (1.00–2.69) | 1.56 | (0.91–2.68) | 1.54 | (0.90–2.65) | 1.58 | (0.91–2.74) |
a
Marital status, education, occupational class, household income at baseline and follow-up, housing tenure, employment status at follow-up.