Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Reference | Design | First author | Year | Country | n (M/F) | Age range | Mean age | Modality | Duration | Outcomes | Downs and Black |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [37] | RCT | Yaroshenko | 1998 | Greece | 30 (30/0) | 22–26 | 24.8 | BR | 7 days | TG | 24 |
| [33] | RCT | Zorbas | 1999 | Bulgaria | 30 (30/0) | 22–26 | 24.3 | BR | 7 days | FG | 24 |
| [22] | RCO | Duran-Valdez | 2008 | USA | 10 (2/8) | 24–72 | 46.2 | BR | 2 days | FI, FG, IS | 21 |
| [11] | RCO | Stephens | 2010 | USA | 12 (6/6) | 19–32 | 26.1 | SIT | 1 day | FI, FG, IS | 24 |
| [39] | RCO | Dunstan | 2012 | Australia | 19 (11/8) | 45–65 | 53.8 | SIT | 5 hours | IS, GT | 27 |
| [42] | RCO | Nygaard | 2009 | Norway | 13 (0/13) | >50 | SIT | 2 hours | GT | 23 | |
| [21] | NT | Alibegovic | 2010 | Denmark | 38 (38/0) | 25.0 | BR | 7 days | FI | 23 | |
| [31] | NT | Alibegovic | 2009 | Denmark | 33 (33/0) | 25.6 | BR | 7 days | FI | 23 | |
| [23, 47] | NT | Blanc | 2000 | France | 16 (8/8) | 30.2 | HDBR | 6 days | FI, FG, IS, GT | 23 | |
| [35] | NT | Dolkas | 1977 | USA | 7 (7/0) | 19–22 | 20.0 | BR | 4 days | FG | 21 |
| [25] | NT | Barbe | 1999 | France | 8 (8/0) | 23–31 | 27.1 | HDBR | 5 days | FI, FG | 21 |
| [10] | NT | Hamburg | 2007 | USA | 20 (14/6) | 30.7 | BR | 5 days | FI, FG, IS, TG | 23 | |
| [20] | NT | Katkov | 1979 | Russia | 5 (5/0) | 34.0 | BR | 5 days | FG | 17 | |
| [41] | NT | Kiilerich | 2011 | Denmark | 6 (6/0) | 22–36 | 28.7 | BR | 7 days | IS, GT | |
| [36] | NT | Ksinantova | 2002 | Slovakia | 15 (15/0) | 34.0 | HDBR | 4 days | FG | 20 | |
| [29] | NT | Lipman | 1972 | USA | 7 (7/0) | 18–20 | BR | 3 days | FI, IS, GT | 18 | |
| [32] | NT | Kanikowska | 2010 | Japan | 8 (8/0) | 27.0 | HDBR | 5 days | FI, FG, IS | ||
| [27, 40] | NT | Mikines | 1989 | Denmark | 6 (6/0) | 25.0 | BR | 7 days | FI, FG, IS, GT | 20 | |
| [30] | NT | Moro | 2007 | France | 8 (8/0) | 22–27 | 23.0 | HDBR, SIT | 4 hours | FI, FG | 20 |
| [34] | NT | Navasiolava | 2010 | Russia | 8 (8/0) | 23.0 | BR | 7 days | FG, TG, HDL, LDL | 22 | |
| [26] | NT | Nygren | 1997 | Sweden | 6 (6/0) | 24.1 | BR | 1 day | FI, FG, IS | 22 | |
| [19] | NT | Richter | 1989 | Denmark | 5 (5/0) | 22–24 | CAST | 7 days | IS | 20 | |
| [24, 48, 49] | NT | Smorawinski | 1996 | Poland | 29 (29/0) | 20.10 | BR | 3 days | IS, GT | 19 | |
| [28] | NT | Stuart | 1988 | USA | 6 (6/0) | 21–28 | 23.0 | BR | 7 days | FI, FG, IS, GT | 22 |
| [38] | NT | Yanagibori | 1997 | Japan | 23 (13/10) | 19–25 | BR | 3 days | IS, GT, TG, HDL, LDL | 22 |
RCT: randomized controlled trial; RCO: randomized crossover; NT: nonrandomized trial; M: male; F: female; HDBR: head-down bed rest; 22BR: horizontal or head-up bed rest; SIT: sitting; CAST: casting; FG: fasting glucose; FI: fasting insulin; TG: triglycerides; HDL: HDL-cholesterol; LDL: LDL-cholesterol; IS: insulin sensitivity; GT: glucose tolerance.
When an intervention was described in more than one paper, the author name and year are taken from the earliest publication.