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Current annealing of graphene devices inside the TEM. (a) Current–voltage (I–V) trace of a graphene ribbon device during current annealing; red arrows show current trace direction as the voltage is increased at a rate of 10 mV/s. Inset: corresponding plot of power vs time. (b) Time evolution of the resistance (R = V/I) of graphene nanoribbon during current annealing. Inset: low bias I–V curve of the same device before and after current annealing.
