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. 2012 Jun 21;8(6):e1002577. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002577

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König et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Metabolic model compartmentalized in blood, cytosol and mitochondrion. Key enzymes of HGP are shown in red, key enzymes of HGU in green. Enzymes regulated via allosteric mechanisms are marked with a red A, interconvertible enzymes with a yellow P. Insulin, glucagon and epinephrine regulate the glucose metabolism by changing the phosphorylation state of key interconvertible enzymes, with insulin (+) decreasing and epinephrine (+) and glucagon () increasing . See Methods for additional information. Reactions: (ALD) aldolase, (AK) adenylate kinase, (CS) citrate synthase, (EN) enolase, (FBP1) fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase, (FBP2) fructose-2,6 bisphosphatase, (GAPDH) glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, (G1PI) glucose-1 phosphate 1,6-phosphomutase, (G6P) glucose-6 phosphatase, (GK) glucokinase, (GLUT2) glucose transporter 2, (GP) glycogen phosphorylase, (GPI) glucose-6 phosphate isomerase, (GS) glycogen synthase, (LDH) lactate dehydrogenase, (MALT) malate transporter, (MDH) malate dehydrogenase, (NDK) nucleoside diphospate kinase, (PC) pyruvate carboxylase, (PEPCK) phosphoenolpyruvate cyrboxykinase, (PEPT) phosphoenolpyruvate transporter, (PDH) pyruvate dehydrogenase, (PFK1) phosphofructokinase 1, (PFK2) phosphofructokinase 2, (PGK) phosphoglycerate kinase, (PGM) 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, (PK) pyruvate kinase, (PPASE) pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, (PYRT) pyruvate transporter, (TPI) triose phosphate isomerase, (UGT) UTP:glucose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase. Metabolites: (13P2G) 1,3-bisphospho glycerate, (2PG) 2-phospho glycerate, (3PG) 3-phospho glycerate, (ACoA) acetyl-coA, (Cit) citrate, (CoA) coenzyme A, (DHAP) dihydroxyacetone phosphate, (Fru16P2) fructose-1,6 bisphosphate, (Fru26P2) fructose-2,6 bisphosphate, (Fru6P) fructose-6 phosphate, (Glc) glucose, (Glc1P) glucose-1 phosphate, (Glc6P) glucose-6 phosphate, (GRAP) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, (Lac) lactate, (OA) oxalacetate, (Mal) malate, (P) phosphate, (PEP) phosphoenolpyruvate, (PP) pyrophosphate, (Pyr) pyruvate, (UDP-Glc) UDP-glucose.

Inline graphic — Metabolic model compartmentalized in blood, cytosol and mitochondrion. Key enzymes of HGP are shown in red, key enzymes of HGU in green. Enzymes regulated via allosteric mechanisms are marked with a red A, interconvertible enzymes with a yellow P. Insulin, glucagon and epinephrine regulate the glucose metabolism by changing the phosphorylation state of key interconvertible enzymes, with insulin (+) decreasing and epinephrine (+) and glucagon () increasing . See Methods for additional information. Reactions: (ALD) aldolase, (AK) adenylate kinase, (CS) citrate synthase, (EN) enolase, (FBP1) fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase, (FBP2) fructose-2,6 bisphosphatase, (GAPDH) glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, (G1PI) glucose-1 phosphate 1,6-phosphomutase, (G6P) glucose-6 phosphatase, (GK) glucokinase, (GLUT2) glucose transporter 2, (GP) glycogen phosphorylase, (GPI) glucose-6 phosphate isomerase, (GS) glycogen synthase, (LDH) lactate dehydrogenase, (MALT) malate transporter, (MDH) malate dehydrogenase, (NDK) nucleoside diphospate kinase, (PC) pyruvate carboxylase, (PEPCK) phosphoenolpyruvate cyrboxykinase, (PEPT) phosphoenolpyruvate transporter, (PDH) pyruvate dehydrogenase, (PFK1) phosphofructokinase 1, (PFK2) phosphofructokinase 2, (PGK) phosphoglycerate kinase, (PGM) 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, (PK) pyruvate kinase, (PPASE) pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, (PYRT) pyruvate transporter, (TPI) triose phosphate isomerase, (UGT) UTP:glucose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase. Metabolites: (13P2G) 1,3-bisphospho glycerate, (2PG) 2-phospho glycerate, (3PG) 3-phospho glycerate, (ACoA) acetyl-coA, (Cit) citrate, (CoA) coenzyme A, (DHAP) dihydroxyacetone phosphate, (Fru16P2) fructose-1,6 bisphosphate, (Fru26P2) fructose-2,6 bisphosphate, (Fru6P) fructose-6 phosphate, (Glc) glucose, (Glc1P) glucose-1 phosphate, (Glc6P) glucose-6 phosphate, (GRAP) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, (Lac) lactate, (OA) oxalacetate, (Mal) malate, (P) phosphate, (PEP) phosphoenolpyruvate, (PP) pyrophosphate, (Pyr) pyruvate, (UDP-Glc) UDP-glucose.