Table 2.

Effect of Estrogen Receptor Signaling on Breast Carcinogenesis

ER signaling component	Mechanism by which it affects carcinogenesis	Effect of berry polyphenols	Reference
Type of ER (α or β)	Expression pattern in tumors ERα/ERβ ratio	Some bind more avidly to ERβ than to α (Table 3)	(11, 131–132)
Mutant forms of ER	Altered ligand and DNA binding	NR	(11, 133)
Coactivators	Increased expression	NR	(134–135)
Corepressors	Decreased expression	NR	(29, 136)
Phosphorylation	Can cause constitutive activation of ER	NR

NR- Not reported in literature to the best of our knowledge.