Table 1.
Summary of the effects of diacerein/rhein on articular joint tissues/cells.
| Tissues/cells | Effects |
|---|---|
| Cartilage/chondrocytes and synovial membrane/synoviocytes | ↓IL-1β system (IL-1β, ICE, IL-1RI) |
| ↓IL-1β -induced MMP-3, collagenase, ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, NO, iNOS | |
| ↑ IL-1β -induced PGE2, COX-2 | |
| ↓IL-1β -inhibition of collagen, proteoglycans | |
| Subchondral bone | ↓MMP-13 |
| Osteoblasts | ↓ Vitamin D3-induced osteocalcin |
| ↓uPA | |
| ↑PGE2/COX-2 | |
| Osteoclasts | ↓MMP-13, cathepsin K |
| ↓Survival, differentiation |
ADAMTS, disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin motifs; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; ICE, IL-1 converting enzyme; IL-1β, interleukin-1β IL-1RI, IL-1 receptor type I; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MMP, metalloprotease; NO, nitric oxide; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator.