Table 1.

Etiology of neonatal seizures and available animal models

Etiology	Animal model available
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy	Yes (Jensen et al., 1991; Kadam and Dudek, 2007)
Excitotoxicity	Yes (Stafstrom et al. 1992; Lee et al., 1995; Santos et al., 2000; Isaeva et al., 2010)
Intracranial hemorrhage	Yes (Cherian et al., 2003; Alles et al., 2010, for review see Balasubramaniam and Del Bigio, 2006) but lack seizure characterization
Ischemic stroke	Yes (Comi et al., 2005; Kadam and Dudek, 2007)
Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis	No
Acute Infection Bacterial meningitis Viral meningoencephalitis	Yes (Leib et al., 1998) but lack seizure characterization Yes (Pedras-Vasconcelos et al., 2008; for review see Bonthius and Perlman, 2007) but lack seizure characterization
Intrauterine TORCH infection	Yes (for review see Tsutsui et al., 2005 and Schleiss, 2006) but lack seizure characterization
Metabolic abnormalities Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia	Yes (Gardiner, 1980; McGowan et al., 1995; Kim et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2008) but lack seizure characterization Yes (Yoshizawa et al., 1997; Li et al., 1997; Eyles et al., 2003; Kalueff et al., 2006) but lack seizure characterization
Cerebral dysgenesis	Yes (Backman et al., 2001; Meikle et al., Ljungberg et al., 2009; Way et al., 2009; for review see Crino, 2009) but neonatal seizures not characterized; spontaneous seizures variably observed later in life
Inborn errors of metabolism Nonketotic hyperglycinemia Pyridoxine-responsive seizures	Yes (Gomeza et al., 2003; Kojima-Ishii et al., 2008) but neonatal seizures not characterized; seizure susceptibility determined in later life Yes (Waymire et al., 1995; Narisawa et al., 2001)
Genetic abnormalities Benign familial neonatal convulsions KCNQ2 Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy STXBP1 ARX	Yes (Singh et al., 2008) Yes (Verhage et al 2000) but lack seizure characterization Yes (Marsh et al., 2009; Price et al., 2009)