Table 2.

Neuroscience applications of GABA MRS.^a,^b

Reference	Method	Field (T)	Volume (ml)	Expt. (min)	Region 1	Region 2+	Application	Finding	Effect %	n
[36]	JE	2.1	14	20	OCC		PDD + menstrual cycle	GABA↓	30	23
[37]	2D-J 0	1.5	13	6	SM	OCC	Ischemic Nerve Block	GABA↓	41	12
[38]	JE	2.1	14	14	OCC		MDD + ECT	GABA↑	76	8
[39]	JE	2.1	14	20	OCC		Menstrual cycle + smoking	GABA↓c	31	36
[40]	JE	2.1	20	1.3	OCC		Puerperal women	GABA↓	26	33
[41]	MP	3	8	25	SM	SM	Motor Learning	GABA↓	20	36
[42]	MP	3	18	6	OCC-PAR		Typtophan depletion	ns		12
[34]	2DJ	3	18	16	ACC	SM	Negative BOLD	GABA ∝ BOLD		25
[43]	2DJ-MRSI	4	8	48	MRSI		Yoga	GABA↑	23	19
[44]	PRESS	3	8.8	4	ACC		Pain (Heat)	GABA↑	15	13
[45]	MP	3	8	17	SM		TMS	GABA↑	13	16
[46]	MP	3	8	15	SM		Direct Current Stimulation	GABA↓	10	11
[47]	MP	3	27	15	OCC		Orientation Discrimination	GABA ∝ OD		15
[48]	MP	3	27	16	OCC		BOLD and MEG gamma	GABA ∝γ ∝ BOLD		12
[49]	MP	3	27	6	FRO	PAR-OCC	Extroversion Trait	GABA ∝ Extro.		41
[50]	MP	3	27	10	OCC	SM	Time-Of-Day	OCC > SM		8
[51]	MP	3	26	6.5	OCC		Schizophrenia + OSS	GABA ∝ OSS	10	26
[52]	MP	3	27	15	FEF	OCC	Eye movement control	GABA ∝ EMD		26

^aStudy designs and findings are summarized: the first row should be interpreted as ‘GABA concentration in an occipital region is reduced (by an average of 30%) in premenstrual dysphoric disorder in 23 participants (patients + controls)’.

^bAbbreviations include: Methods (JE, J-difference editing; MP, MEGA-PRESS; MRSI, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging; 2DJ 0, 2D J-resolved spectroscopy, F₁ = 0 Hz); Region (OCC, occipital; SM, sensorimotor; PAR, parietal; SN, sustantia nigra; ACC, anterior cingulate; FEF, frontal eye field); Application (PDD, premenstrual dysphoric disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; ECT, electrocortical therapy; BOLD, blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI; TME, transcranial magnetic stimulation; MEG, magnetoencephalography); Finding (G, GABA; OD, orientation discrimination; γ, MEG gamma frequency; Extro., extroversion trait; OSS, orientation-specific surround suppression; EMD, eye movement distractibility).

^cGABA is reduced in the luteal phase by 31%.