Table 3.

Pharmacological studies applying MRS of GABA.^a,^b

Reference	Method	Field (T)	Volume (ml)	Expt. (min)	Region 1	Region 2+	Application	Finding	Effect %	n
[57]	JE	2.1			OCC		Vigabatrin	GABA↑	150
[58]	JE	2.1			OCC		Epilepsy + vigabatrin	GABA↑	190	10
[59]	JE	2.1	14		OCC		Epilepsy + gabapentin	GABA↑		28
[60]	JE	2.1	14	7	OCC		Epilepsy + vigabatrin	GABA↑	150	26
[61]	JE	2.1			OCC		Epilepsy + vigabatrin	GABA↑	100	18
[62]	JE	2.1	14		OCC		Epilepsy + vigabatrin	GABA↑	40
[63]	JE	2.1			OCC		Epilepsy + vigabatrin	GABA↑		11
[64]	JE	2.1	14		OCC		Epilepsy + topiramate	GABA↑	56	21
[65]	JE	2.1	14		OCC		Epilepsy + valproate et al.			24
[66]	JE	2.1	14		OCC		Epilepsy + vigabatrin	GABA↑		6
[67]	JE	1.5	8	23	OCC		Vigabatrin	GABA↑	40	5
[68]	JE	2.1	14		OCC		Epilepsy + gabapentin	GABA↑		6
[69]	JE	2.1	14		OCC		Epilepsy seizure control	GABA↓		26
[70]	JE	2.1	14		OCC		Epilepsy + topiramate	GABA↑	100	15
[71]	JE	2.1	14	14	OCC		MDD + SSRI	GABA↑	34	11
[72]	DQF	3	27	13	OCC		SSRI citalopram	GABA↑	35	10
[73]	JE	2.1	14	21	OCC		Benzodiazepine	GABA↓	24	19
[74]	2DJ	1.5	19	20	OCC		Cocaine-dep	GABA↓	32	55
[75]	2DJ	1.5	19	20	PF		Cocaine-dep + venlafaxine Cocaine-dep + pramipexole	ns GABA↑	17	34
[76]	JE	2.1	20	1.3	OCC		Ethanol Recovery + Smoking	GABA↓	25	20
[77]	JE	2.1	14		OCC		Epilepsy + topiramate/gabapentin	ns		20
[78]	2DJ-MRSI	4	8	48	MRSI		SAD + levetiracetam	Th SAD ↓	58	20
[79]	MP	3	27	13	ACC	BG	Lithium	ns		8
[80]	MEGA	4	12	13	ACC	Thalamus	Zolpidem	ACC = Th↓	25	19
[81]	MP	3	27	13	ACC	BG	Schizophrenia	drug effects	21	67
[82]	MP	3	22.5	6	OCC		Epilepsy + levetiracetam	GABA↑	19	16

^aStudy designs and findings are summarized: the first row should be interpreted as ‘GABA concentration in an occipital region is elevated (by 150%) by administration of vigabatrin’. ‘ACC = Th↓’ should be interpreted as ‘GABA concentration in ACC is unchanged, while thalamic GABA is reduced’.

^bAbbreviations include: Methods (JE, J-difference editing; MP, MEGA-PRESS; MRSI, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging; 2DJ, 2D J-resolved spectroscopy); Region (OCC, occipital; PF, prefrontal; ACC, anterior cingulate; BG, basal ganglia); Application (SSRI, selective seratonin reuptake inhibitor; MDD, major depressive disorder; SAD, social anxiety disorder); Finding (ns, non-significant finding; Th, Thalamus).