Table 4.
Incidence rate ratios for overall cardiovascular diseases and main diagnostic subcategories, per decreasing tenth of carbohydrate intake, increasing tenth of protein intake, and their addition in Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort
| Condition (No of cases) | Incidence rate ratios* (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low carbohydrate score (per tenth) | High protein score (per tenth) | LCHP score (per 2 units) | |
| All cardiovascular diseases (1268) | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) | 1.04 (1.02 to 1.06) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08) |
| Ischaemic heart disease (701) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.09) | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.06) | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) |
| Ischaemic stroke (294) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.14) | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.10) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.13) |
| Haemorrhagic stroke (70) | 1.00 (0.86 to 1.17) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) |
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage (121) | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.21) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.17) |
| Peripheral arterial disease (82) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.21) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.13) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.17) |
LCHP=low carbohydrate-high protein.
*Incidence rate ratios per indicated increase in corresponding score. Poisson models, using attained age as timescale in 2 year intervals, and adjusting for height (cm, continuously), body mass index (<25, 25-29.99, and ≥30, categorically), smoking status (never smokers, former smokers of <10 cigarettes, former smokers of 10-14 cigarettes, former smokers of 15-19 cigarettes, former smokers of ≥20 cigarettes, current smokers of <10 cigarettes, current smokers of 10-14 cigarettes, current smokers of 15-19 cigarettes, and current smokers of ≥20 cigarettes, categorically), physical activity (from 1 (low) to 5 (high), categorically), education (≤10, 11-13, and ≥14 years in school, categorically), diagnosis of hypertension (ever versus never), energy intake (per 1000 kJ/day, continuously), unsaturated lipid intake (per 10 g/day, continuously), saturated lipid intake (per 10 g/day, continuously), and alcohol intake (<5 g/day, 5-25 g/day, and >25 g/day, categorically).