Table 4. Studies of the DBS in Mania.
| Author & Year | Sample | Gender | Age | DBS Measure | Mania Measure | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-Report and Observational Findings | ||||||
| Carver & Johnson (2006) | Undergraduates Study 1 n =177 Study 2 n =888 |
Both | College aged | WASSUP Popular Fame and Wealth Subscales | HPS | Mania risk correlated with higher lifetime ambitions related to extrinsic recognition in both studies. |
| Carver & Johnson (2009) | 238 undergraduates | Both | College aged | WASSUP Popular Fame and Wealth Subscales | HPS | Mania risk correlated with higher lifetime ambitions related to extrinsic recognition. |
| Carver, Johnson, & Siegel, 2010 | Undergraduates Study 1 n =454 Study 2 n =780 Study 3 n =329 |
Both | College aged | Study 1: WASSUP Popular Fame and Wealth Subscales, PRF Do Study 2: WASSUP Popular Fame and Wealth Subscales, Status Seeking Scale (SSS) Study 3: Self-ratings of overly dominant behaviors |
HPS | Mania risk correlated with higher lifetime ambitions related to extrinsic recognition (WASSUP), dominance motivation (PRF Do), high perceived rank (SSS) and engagement in overly dominant social behaviors. |
| *Fulford et al. (2008) | 233 undergraduates | Both | College aged | WASSUP Popular Fame and Wealth Subscales | HPS | Mania risk correlated with higher lifetime ambitions related to extrinsic recognition |
| Gilbert, McEwan et al. (2007) | 40 outpatients with bipolar disorder | Both | M =44 | SCS, SBS | Clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder in remission; BDI and ISS to assess current mood symptoms | Depressive symptoms (BDI) correlated with more submissive behavior (SBS), r =.51, and lower perceived social comparison (SCS), r =- .45. In regression analyses, positive moods (ISS well-being) were related to higher social comparison (SCS), r =.25. |
| Gilbert, McEwan, Mitra et al. (2009) | 49 outpatients clinically diagnosed with bipolar disorder and 202 unselected students | Both | SCS | TEMPS-A Hyperthymic Temperament scale | Higher social comparison correlated with manic temperament among students and patients (rs not provided). | |
| Gruber & Johnson (2009) | 302 students | Both | 17-22 | WASSUP Popular Fame and Wealth Subscales, DPES | HPS | Mania risk correlated with higher lifetime ambitions related to extrinsic recognition (WASSUP Popular Fame, r =.34 and Money, r =.16) and to trait-like tendencies to pride (DPES), r =.29. |
| Johnson, Eisner, & Carver (2009) | 83 students diagnosed with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, or no mood disorder | Both | 17-22 | WASSUP Popular Fame and Wealth Subscales | SCID diagnoses; CESD and SRMI to control for symptom levels | People with bipolar disorder reported higher lifetime ambitions related to extrinsic recognition than did those with depression or no disorder. |
| Taylor & Mansell (2008) | 60 undergraduates | Both | 17-22 | Observer and self-rated negative high arousal behavior (adjectives include dominating, selfish, and overconfident) and positive high arousal words(e.g., ambitious) during a dyadic task | HPS | Mania risk was correlated with self- and peer-ratings of positive dominant behaviors (e.g., ambitious), and with self-ratings, but not peer ratings, of negative domineering behavior (e.g., dominating and overconfident). |
| Biological Findings | ||||||
| *Dabbs et al. (1990) | 5236 US military veterans | Male | M =37 | Serum samples of T | DIS number of symptoms | T correlated with mania only among low SES veterans. |
| Daly et al. (2003) | 20 healthy controls | Male | 18-42 | Randomly assigned to receive methyl testosterone vs. placebo for 6 days | Visual analog scale of mood | Methyl testosterone was associated with increases in several symptoms of mania, including aggressiveness, irritability, energy, sexual arousal and distractibility. |
| Pope & Katz (1988) | 41 bodybuilders/football players | 95% male | 17-51; M =26.1 | Persons taking steroids for body-building | SCID | While taking steroids, 12.2% of people met criteria for a full manic episode and another 19.5% reported a hypomanic episode; none reported manic symptoms when not taking steroids. |
| Pope et al. (2000) | 56 healthy participants | Male | 20-50 | T for 6 weeks compared to placebo | YMRS and daily diaries of manic symptoms for 25 weeks | T related to higher mania scores on the YMRS, p < .002 and daily diaries, p < .003; 16% reported hypomanic or manic episodes when taking T. |
Note. BDI =Beck Depression Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1993); CESD =Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977); DIS =Diagnostic Interview Schedule; DPES =Dispositional Positive Emotion Scale (Shiota, Keltner, & John, 2006); HPS =Hypomanic Personality Scale (Eckblad & Chapman, 1986); ISS =Internal State Scale (Bauer et al., 1991); PRF Do =Personality Research Form Dominance Scale; SBS =Submissive Behavior Scale; SCID =Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders; SCS =Social Comparison Scale; SRMI =Self-Rating Mania Inventory (Altman, Hedeker, Peterson, & Davis, 1997); SSSS =Self-Perceived Social Status Scale (Buttermore, James, & Kirkpatrick, 2005); T =testosterone; TEMPS-A =The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Auto Questionnaire Version (Akiskal et al., 2005); WASSUP =Willingly Approached Set of Statistically Unlikely Pursuits; YMRS =Young Mania Rating Scale (Young, Briggs, & Meyer, 1978).
*
Findings from this study are described in another table.