Table 7. Studies Examining the Unique Relations of Depression and Anxiety and the DBS.

Author & Year	Sample	Gender	Age	DBS Measure	Anxiety and Depression Measures	Results
Aderka et al. (2009)	102 community residents	29% male	M =29.5	SBS, SCS	LSAS-SR, BDI	In an SEM model, lower social comparison (SCS) and submissive behavior (SBS) were uniquely related to social anxiety (LSAS-SR), but not depression (BDI).
Alden & Phillips (1990)	465 undergraduates	46% male	College aged	IIP	SAD and BDI were used to form 4 groups: control, social anxiety, depression, social anxiety with comorbid depression	Depression without anxiety was unrelated to submissiveness. Social anxiety, either alone or in combination with depression, was related to submissiveness.
Gilbert (2000a)	109 psychology students and 50 depressed inpatients	Both	Student M =25; patient M =39	TOSCA, PFQ-2, OAS, SBS, SCS	CESD, BDI, SIAS	Depressed inpatients endorsed more shame-proneness (TOSCA, PFQ2, OAS), lower perceived social comparison (SCS), more submissive behavior (SBS), and less pride (TOSCA) than students. In conjoint analyses of depression and anxiety, shame (TOSCA, PFQ2, OAS) was correlated with social anxiety but not depression.
Gilbert et al. (2002)	193 undergraduates and 81 psychiatric inpatients (58% diagnosed with primary depression)	23% male undergraduates and 39% male patients)	Student M =22.9; Patient M =36.8 years	SBS, SCS, OAS	MASQ	Anxiety and depressive scales both correlated with submissive behavior (SBS), perceptions of lower social comparison (SCS), and shame (OAS) in both samples. In path analyses, shame was more correlated with anxious arousal than with anhedonic depression.
Gilbert et al. (2005)	71 psychiatric patients	51% male	16 – 69; M =40.9	SBS, SCS, SPD	BDI, SIAS, SPS	Submissive behavior (SBS) correlated with social phobia (SPS) after controlling for depression (BDI).
Naragon-Gainey et al. (2009)	350 undergraduates and 204 psychiatric outpatients	Both	Student M =19.2 Patient M =44.0	Ascendance, a measure of dominance motivation and behavior factor-analytically derived from multiple scales	Composite measures of depression and anxiety based on BDI-II, IDAS, PSRS, SIAS, SPS	In conjoint analyses of anxiety and depression, lower ascendance related to social anxiety but not to depression.
Uhman et al. (2010)	198 outpatients	Both	Adult	IIP	CIDI diagnoses of GAD, PTSD without GAD, other anxiety without GAD, and depression without GAD	Depression and each anxiety diagnosis related to submissiveness.

Note. BDI =Beck Depression Inventory; BDI-II =Beck Depression Inventory–Second Edition (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996); CESD =Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CIDI =Composite International Diagnostic Interview; GAD =generalized anxiety disorder; IDAS =Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (Watson et al., 2007); IIP =Inventory of Interpersonal Problems; LSAS-SR =Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self-Report (Liebowitz, 1987); OAS =Other as Shamer Scale; PFQ-2 =Personal Feelings Questionnaire-Revised; PSRS =Phobic Stimuli Response Scales (Cutshall & Watson, 2004); PTSD=post-traumatic stress disorder; SAD =Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (Watson & Friend, 1969); SBS =Submissive Behavior Scale; SCS =Social Comparison Scale; SIAS =Social Interaction Anxiety Scale; SPD =Social Power Differential Scale (Birchwood, Meaden, Trower, Gilbert, & Plaistow, 2000); SPS =Social Phobia Scale; TOSCA =Test of Self-Conscious Affect.

^*Findings from this study are described in another table.