Table III.
Urinary levels of mercapturic acid metabolites of tobacco smoke constituents in relation to risk of lung cancer among current smokers, The Shanghai Cohort Study 1986–2007
| First quartile | Second quatile | Third quartile | Fourth quartile | P for trend | |
| MHBMA (pmol/mg creatinine) | <4.31 | 4.31–8.56 | 8.57–18.8 | ≥18.9 | |
| No. of controls/No. of cases | 98/58 | 98/82 | 98/81 | 98/122 | |
| Smoking-adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.79–1.98) | 1.20 (0.76–1.90) | 1.75 (1.12–2.75) | 0.018 |
| NNAL- and PheT-adjusted OR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.72–1.85) | 1.03 (0.64–1.66) | 1.47 (0.93–2.34) | 0.129 |
| Cotinine-adjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.63–1.68) | 0.84 (0.51–1.37) | 1.08 (0.66–1.75) | 0.893 |
| HEMA (pmol/mg creatinine) | <8.90 | 8.90–15.7 | 15.8–26.6 | ≥26.7 | |
| No. of controls/No. of cases | 98/49 | 98/65 | 98/100 | 98/129 | |
| Smoking-adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.68–1.80) | 1.61 (1.01–2.56) | 2.13 (1.34–3.37) | <0.001 |
| NNAL- and PheT-adjusted OR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.63–1.69) | 1.38 (0.85–2.23) | 1.73 (1.07–2.80) | 0.008 |
| Cotinine-adjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.48–1.36) | 0.97 (0.58–1.62) | 1.12 (0.66–1.89) | 0.393 |
| SPMA (pmol/mg creatinine) | <1.39 | 1.39–2.34 | 2.35–4.60 | ≥4.61 | |
| No. of controls/No. of cases | 98/51 | 98/77 | 98/107 | 98/108 | |
| Smoking-adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.46 (0.91–2.35) | 1.94 (1.23–3.07) | 1.80 (1.14–2.85) | 0.007 |
| NNAL- and PheT-adjusted OR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.31 (0.81–2.19) | 1.78 (1.12–2.85) | 1.55 (0.97–2.50) | 0.043 |
| Cotinine-adjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.78–2.09) | 1.54 (0.95–2.48) | 1.20 (0.74–1.96) | 0.444 |
| HPMA (pmol/mg creatinine) | <4232 | 4232–8660 | 8661–14077 | ≥14078 | |
| No. of controls/No. of cases | 98/49 | 98/74 | 98/92 | 98/128 | |
| Smoking-adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.39 (0.86–2.23) | 1.60 (1.00–2.58) | 2.00 (1.25–3.20) | 0.004 |
| NNAL- and PheT-adjusted OR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.77–2.05) | 1.38 (0.84–2.26) | 1.64 (1.01–2.66) | 0.046 |
| Cotinine-adjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.59–1.65) | 1.02 (0.61–1.72) | 1.06 (0.62–1.80) | 0.772 |
| HBMA (pmol/mg creatinine) | <3167 | 3168–7132 | 7133–11927 | ≥11927 | |
| No. of controls/No. of cases | 98/47 | 98/74 | 98/94 | 98/128 | |
| Smoking-adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.34 (0.83–2.17) | 1.58 (0.98–2.56) | 1.95 (1.22–3.12) | 0.004 |
| NNAL- and PheT-adjusted OR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.73–1.95) | 1.33 (0.81–2.18) | 1.58 (0.96–2.57) | 0.058 |
| Cotinine-adjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.53–1.52) | 0.95 (0.56–1.62) | 0.97 (0.56–1.66) | 0.956 |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
ORs were derived from unconditional logistic regression models that included matching factors (age, neighborhood of residence and duration of biospecimen storage before assays for urinary biomarkers), number of cigarettes smoked per day and number of years of smoking at baseline.
In addition to matching factors and smoking variables, the logistic regression models included urinary total NNAL and PheT in quartile. A separate dichotomous variable was created to indicate the missing value for total NNAL (11 cases and 10 controls) to maximize the number of subjects for the analyses.
In addition to matching factors and smoking variables, the logistic regression models included total cotinine in quartile. A separate dichotomous variable was created to indicate the missing value for total cotinine (two cases and four controls) to maximize the number of subjects for the analyses.