Table 2.

Primary outcomes: SPR vs. MR males

		Effect			p values
Outcome	Control mean	Unconditional	Conditional	Asymptotic	Naïve permutation	Conditional permutation	Conditional permutation (adj.)
Main vs. other illness
Prevalence of illness–main	0.723	0.001	−0.020	0.496	0.602	0.508	0.631
Frequency of illness–main	0.150	0.084	0.072	0.028	0.017	0.031	0.190
Prevalence of illness–other	0.200	0.352	0.311	0.001	0.000	0.001	0.003
Frequency of illness–other	0.029	0.072	0.066	0.006	0.002	0.002	0.033
Diarrhea vs. nondiarrhea illness
Prevalence of illness–main	0.723	0.001	−0.020	0.496	0.602	0.508	0.631
Frequency of illness–main	0.150	0.084	0.072	0.028	0.017	0.031	0.190
Prevalence of illness–other: diarrhea	0.046	0.230	0.216	0.007	0.003	0.004	0.033
Frequency of illness–other: diarrhea	0.004	0.025	0.024	0.015	0.001	0.003	0.053
Prevalence of illness–other: nondiarrhea	0.154	0.225	0.196	0.016	0.004	0.017	0.129
Frequency of illness–other: nondiarrhea	0.025	0.047	0.042	0.026	0.013	0.020	0.179

n = 94 for males, and n = 80 for females. p values below 0.1 are in bold. Control is MR. Unconditional is unconditional difference in means between the treatment and control groups. The corresponding p values are computed in the columns asymptotic and naïve permutation. Conditional is conditional treatment effect with linear covariates year of birth and total time spent in the primate center. The corresponding p value is computed in the column conditional permutation. Asymptotic is one-sided p value for the hypothesis of no treatment effect based on asymptotic inference; the estimated effect size is in the unconditional column. Naïve permutation is the one-sided p value for the hypothesis of no treatment effect based on unconditional permutation inference; the estimated effect size is in the unconditional column. Conditional permutation is the one-sided p value for the hypothesis of no treatment effect based on the Freedman–Lane procedure using the linear covariates year of birth and total time spent in the primate center and restricting permutation orbits within strata formed by being a first- or later-born monkey; the estimated effect size is in the conditional column. Conditional permutation (adj.) is the p value from the previous column adjusted for multiple inferences using the step-down procedure. Notice that the multiple hypothesis testing correction also includes the other outcomes in Table 1. Full results are shown in Tables S2 and S3.