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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jun 29.
Published in final edited form as: Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2011;(203):303–330. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-17214-4_13

Figure 2. Regulation of AMPK by upstream kinases and phosphatases.

Figure 2

The major upstream kinase is a complex between the tumour suppressor kinase LKB1 and two accessory subunits, STRAD and MO25 which appears to be constitutively active. The CaMKKβ could also phosphorylate Thr-172 and activate AMPK following a rise in cytosolic Ca2+. A third potential upstream kinase is TAK1 but its physiological significance is uncertain. Thr-172 phosphorylation is removed by PP2C phosphatase. Physiological, hormonal and pharmacological stimulatory effectors of AMPK complex are listed.