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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Jul;1258(1):166–176. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06527.x

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Kinin signaling to the paracellular pathway of Aedes Malpighian tubules. (A) The active C-terminal amide pentapeptide sequence of insects kinins [68]. (B) Binding of insect kinin to its receptor. The critical C-terminal pentapeptide sequence is thought to fold for reaching into the receptor pocket [42, 69]. (C) G protein-coupled receptor signaling of leucokinin-VIII to septate junctions. Binding of leucokinin-VIII to its receptor increases intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. The Ca+2 activation of protein kinase C phosphorylates adducing, which destabilizes the cytoskeleton associated with the paracellular pathway. The destabilization opens paracellular diffusion barriers (box). GPCR, G protein coupled receptor; α, β, γ, subunits of G protein; GTP guanosine-5′-triphosphate; PLC, phospholipase C; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-triphosphate; IP3, inositol triphosphate; DAG, diacylglycerol; SERCA, sacra/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase.