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. 2012 Mar 19;90(1):47–106. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00655.x

Home-Visiting Programs: Key References

Program Number, Name, and Location Reference
1. Special Families Care Project, Minnesota Velasquez, J., M. Christensen, and B.L. Schommer. 1984. Part II: Intensive Services Help Prevent Child Abuse. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 9 (2):13–117.
Christensen, M.L., B.L. Schommer, and J. Velasquez. 1984. Part I: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Preventing Child Abuse. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 9 (2):108–12.
2. Project 12-Ways, Illinois Lutzker, J.R., and J.M. Rice. 1984. Project 12-Ways: Measuring Outcome of a Large In-Home Service for Treatment and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect 8 (4):519–24.
3. Healthy Families, New York DuMont, K., S. Mitchell-Herzfeld, R. Greene, E. Lee, A. Lowenfels, M. Rodriguez, and V. Dorabawila. 2008. Healthy Families New York (HFNY) Randomized Trial: Effects on Early Child Abuse and Neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect 32 (3):295–315.
4. Home visiting, Perth, Western Australia Bartu, A., J. Sharp, J. Ludlow, and D.A. Doherty. 2006. Postnatal Home Visiting for Illicit Drug-Using Mothers and Their Infants: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 46 (5):419–26.
5. Home visiting, Baltimore Schuler, M.E., P. Nair, M.M. Black, and L. Kettinger. 2000. Mother-Infant Interaction: Effects of a Home Intervention and Ongoing Maternal Drug Use. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 29 (3):424–31.
Nair, P., M.E. Schuler, M.M. Black, L. Kettinger, and D. Harrington. 2003. Cumulative Environmental Risk in Substance Abusing Women: Early Intervention, Parenting Stress, Child Abuse Potential and Child Development. Child Abuse & Neglect 27 (9):997–1017.
6. Home visiting, Denver Gray, J.D., C.A. Cutler, J.G. Dean, and C. Henry Kempe. 1977. Prediction and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect 1 (1):45–58.
7. Home visiting, Queensland, Australia Armstrong, K.L., J.A. Fraser, M.R. Dadds, and J. Morris. 1999. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Nurse Home Visiting to Vulnerable Families with Newborns. Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health 35 (3):237–44.
Armstrong, K.L., J.A. Fraser, M.R. Dadds, and J. Morris. 2000. Promoting Secure Attachment, Maternal Mood and Child Health in a Vulnerable Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 36 (6):555–62.
Fraser, J.A., K.L. Armstrong, J.P. Morris, and M.R. Dadds. 2000. Home Visiting Intervention for Vulnerable Families with Newborns: Follow-Up Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Child Abuse & Neglect 24 (11):1399–1429.
8. Child Parent Enrichment Project, Contra Costa County, California Barth, R.P. 1991. An Experimental Evaluation of In-Home Child Abuse Prevention Services. Child Abuse & Neglect 15 (4):363–75.
9. Community Infant Project, Boulder, Colorado Huxley, P., and R. Warner. 1993. Primary Prevention of Parenting Dysfunction in High-Risk Cases. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 63 (4):582–88.
10. Early Intervention Program, San Bernardino, California Koniak-Griffin, D., I.L. Verzemnieks, N.L.R. Anderson, M.L. Brecht, J. Lesser, S. Kim, and C. Turner-Pluta. 2003. Nurse Visitation for Adolescent Mothers—Two-Year Infant Health and Maternal Outcomes. Nursing Research 52 (2):127–36.
Koniak-Griffin, D., N.L.R. Anderson, M.L. Brecht, I. Verzemnieks, J. Lesser, and S. Kim. 2002. Public Health Nursing Care for Adolescent Mothers: Impact on Infant Health and Selected Maternal Outcomes at 1 Year Postbirth. Journal of Adolescent Health 30 (1):44–54.
11. Hawaii Healthy Start Program, Hawaii Duggan, A., E. McFarlane, L. Fuddy, L. Burrell, S.M. Higman, A. Windham, and C. Sia. 2004. Randomized Trial of a Statewide Home Visiting Program: Impact in Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect 28 (6):597–622.
Duggan, A.K., E.C. McFarlane, A.M. Windham, C.A. Rohde, D.S. Salkever, L. Fuddy, L.A. Rosenberg, S.B. Buchbinder, and C.C. Sia. 1999. Evaluation of Hawaii's Healthy Start Program. Future of Children 9 (1):66–90, discussion 177–78.
El-Kamary, S.S., S.M. Higman, L. Fuddy, E. McFarlane, C. Sia, and A.K. Duggan. 2004. Hawaii's Healthy Start Home Visiting Program: Determinants and Impact of Rapid Repeat Birth. Pediatrics 114 (3):e317–26.
12. Healthy Families Alaska Gessner, B.D. 2008. The Effect of Alaska's Home Visitation Program for High-Risk Families on Trends in Abuse and Neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect 32 (3):317–33.
13. Home visiting, Western Australia Quinlivan, J.A., H. Box, and S.F. Evans. 2003. Postnatal Home Visits in Teenage Mothers: A Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet 361 (9361):893–900.
14. Early Start, New Zealand Fergusson, D.M., H. Grant, L.J. Horwood, and E.M. Ridder. 2005. Randomized Trial of the Early Start Program of Home Visitation. Pediatrics 116 (6):e803–9.
15. Family Partnership Model, two counties in the UK Barlow, J., H. Davis, E. McIntosh, P. Jarrett, C. Mockford, and S. Stewart-Brown. 2007. Role of Home Visiting in Improving Parenting and Health in Families at Risk of Abuse and Neglect: Results of a Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial and Economic Evaluation. Archives of Disease in Childhood 92 (3):229–33.
16a. Nurse family partnership home visiting, Denver Olds, D.L., J. Robinson, L. Pettitt, D.W. Luckey, J. Holmberg, R.K. Ng, K. Isacks, K. Sheff, and C.R. Henderson Jr. 2004. Effects of Home Visits by Paraprofessionals and by Nurses: Age 4 Follow-Up Results of a Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 114 (6):1560–68.
16b. Paraprofessional home visiting, Denver Olds, D.L., J. Robinson, R. O’Brien, D.W. Luckey, L.M. Pettitt, C.R. Henderson Jr., R.K. Ng, K.L. Sheff, J. Korfmacher, S. Hiatt, and A. Talmi. 2002. Home Visiting by Paraprofessionals and by Nurses: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 110 (3):486–96.
17. Parenting on Edge, Georgia Mulsow, M.H., and V.M. Murray. 1996. Parenting on Edge: Economically Stressed, Single, African American Adolescent Mothers. Journal of Family Issues 17 (5):704–21.
18. Linkages for Prevention Project, Durham, North Carolina Margolis, P.A., R. Stevens, W.C. Bordley, J. Stuart, C. Harlan, L. Keyes-Elstein, and S. Wisseh. 2001. From Concept to Application: The Impact of a Community-Wide Intervention to Improve the Delivery of Preventive Services to Children. Pediatrics 108 (3):e42.
19. Child and Youth Program Module, Baltimore Hardy, J.B., and R. Streett. 1989. Family Support and Parenting Education in the Home: An Effective Extension of Clinic-Based Preventive Health Care Services for Poor Children. Journal of Pediatrics 115 (6):927–31.
20. Home visiting, Memphis Kitzman, H., D.L. Olds, C.R. Henderson Jr., C. Hanks, R. Cole, R. Tatelbaum, K.M. McConnochie, K. Sidora, D.W. Luckey, D. Shaver, K. Engelhardt, D. James, and K. Barnard. 1997. Effect of Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses on Pregnancy Outcomes, Childhood Injuries, and Repeated Childbearing. A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 278 (8):644–52.
Kitzman, H., D.L. Olds, K. Sidora, C.R. Henderson Jr., C. Hanks, R. Cole, D.W. Luckey, J. Bondy, K. Cole, and J. Glazner. 2000. Enduring Effects of Nurse Home Visitation on Maternal Life Course—A 3-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial. JAMA 283 (15):1983–89.
Olds, D.L., H. Kitzman, R. Cole, J. Robinson, K. Sidora, D.W. Luckey, C.R. Henderson Jr., C. Hanks, J. Bondy, and J. Holmberg. 2004. Effects of Nurse Home-Visiting on Maternal Life Course and Child Development: Age 6 Follow-Up Results of a Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 114 (6):1550–59.
Olds, D.L., H. Kitzman, C. Hanks, R. Cole, E. Anson, K. Sidora-Arcoleo, D.W. Luckey, C.R. Henderson Jr., J. Holmberg, R.A. Tutt, A.J. Stevenson, and J. Bondy. 2007. Effects of Nurse Home Visiting on Maternal and Child Functioning: Age-9 Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 120 (4):e832–45.
21. Three Generation Study, Baltimore Black, M.M., M.E. Bentley, M.A. Papas, S. Oberlander, L.O. Teti, S. McNary, K. Le, and M. O’Connell. 2006. Delaying Second Births among Adolescent Mothers: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Home-Based Mentoring Program. Pediatrics 118 (4):e1087–99.
22. Parent Training by CETA aide, Miami Field, T., S. Widmayer, R. Greenberg, and S. Stoller. 1982. Effects of Parent Training on Teenage Mothers and Their Infants. Pediatrics 69 (6):703–7.
23. Comprehensive Child Development Program, USA St. Pierre, R.G., and J.I. Layzer. 1999. Using Home Visits for Multiple Purposes: The Comprehensive Child Development Program. Future of Children 9 (1):134–51.
24. Home visiting, Colorado Dawson, P., W.J. van Doorninck, and J.L. Robinson. 1989. Effects of Home-Based, Informal Social Support on Child Health. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 10 (2):63–67.
25a. The Parents as Teachers (PAT) (a) Teens Combined (including case management), Southern California Wagner, M.M., and S. Clayton, L. 1999. The Parents as Teachers Program: Results from Two Demonstrations. Future of Children 9 (1):91–115.
25b. (b) Basic program, Salinas Valley, Northern California
25c. (c) Teen PAT, Southern California
26a. (a) Nurse Family Partnership, pre- and postnatal, Elmira, New York Eckenrode, J., B. Ganzel, C.R. Henderson Jr., E. Smith, D.L. Olds, J. Powers, R. Cole, H. Kitzman, and K. Sidora. 2000. Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect with a Program of Nurse Home Visitation: The Limiting Effects of Domestic Violence. JAMA 284 (11):1385–91.
26b. Nurse Family Partnership, (b) prenatal only, Elmira, New York Eckenrode, J., D. Zielinski, E. Smith, L.A. Marcynyszyn, C.R. Henderson Jr., H. Kitzman, R. Cole, J. Powers, and D.L. Olds. 2001. Child Maltreatment and the Early Onset of Problem Behaviors: Can a Program of Nurse Home Visitation Break the Link? Development & Psychopathology 13 (4):873–90.
Izzo, C.V., J.J. Eckenrode, E.G. Smith, C.R. Henderson Jr., R. Cole, H. Kitzman, and D.L. Olds. 2005. Reducing the Impact of Uncontrollable Stressful Life Events through a Program of Nurse Home Visitation for New Parents. Prevention Science 6 (4):269–74.
Olds, D.L., C.R. Henderson Jr., R. Tatelbaum, and R. Chamberlin. 1986. Improving the Delivery of Prenatal Care and Outcomes of Pregnancy: A Randomized Trial of Nurse Home Visitation. [erratum appears in Pediatrics, July 1986, 78 (1):138]. Pediatrics 77 (1):16–28.
Olds, D., C.R. Henderson Jr., H. Kitzman, and R. Cole. 1995. Effects of Prenatal and Infancy Nurse Home Visitation on Surveillance of Child Maltreatment. Pediatrics 95 (3):365–72.
Olds, D.L., J. Eckenrode, C.R. Henderson Jr., H. Kitzman, J. Powers, R. Cole, K. Sidora, P. Morris, L.M. Pettitt, and D. Luckey. 1997. Long-Term Effects of Home Visitation on Maternal Life Course and Child Abuse and Neglect. Fifteen-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial. JAMA 278 (8):637–43.
Olds, D.L., C.R. Henderson Jr., and H. Kitzman. 1994. Does Prenatal and Infancy Nurse Home Visitation Have Enduring Effects on Qualities of Parental Caregiving and Child Health at 25 to 50 Months of Life? Pediatrics 93 (1):89–98.
27. Social Support and Family Health Study, London Wiggins, M., A. Oakley, I. Roberts, H. Turner, L. Rajan, H. Austerberry, R. Mujica, M. Mugford, and M. Barker. 2005. Postnatal Support for Mothers Living in Disadvantaged Inner City Areas: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59 (4):288–95.
Wiggins, M., A. Oakley, I. Roberts, H. Turner, L. Rajan, H. Austerberry, R. Mujica, and M. Mugford. 2004. The Social Support and Family Health Study: A Randomised Controlled Trial and Economic Evaluation of Two Alternative Forms of Postnatal Support for Mothers Living in Disadvantaged Inner-City Areas. Health Technology Assessment 8 (32):iii–107.
28. Home visiting, Quebec, Canada Infante-Rivard, C., G. Filion, M. Baumgarten, M. Bourassa, J. Labelle, and M. Messier. 1989. A Public Health Home Intervention among Families of Low Socioeconomic Status. Children's Health Care 18 (2):102–7.
29a. Postnatal home visiting, Montreal Larson, C.P. 1980. Efficacy of Prenatal and Postpartum Home Visits on Child Health and Development. Pediatrics 66 (2):191–97.
29b. Pre- and postnatal visiting, Montreal
30. Home visiting, Greensboro, North Carolina Siegel, E., K.E. Bauman, E.S. Schaefer, M.M. Saunders, and D.D. Ingram. 1980. Hospital and Home Support during Infancy: Impact on Maternal Attachment, Child Abuse and Neglect, and Health Care Utilization. Pediatrics 66 (2):183–90.
31. Home visiting, Baltimore Black, M.M., P. Nair, C. Kight, R. Wachtel, P. Roby, and M. Schuler. 1994. Parenting and Early Development among Children of Drug-Abusing Women: Effects of Home Intervention. Pediatrics 94 (4):440–48.
32. Healthy Families Alaska (HFAK) Duggan, A., D. Caldera, K. Rodriguez, L. Burrell, C. Rohde, and S.S. Crowne. 2007. Impact of a Statewide Home Visiting Program to Prevent Child Abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect 31 (8):801–27.
Caldera, D., L. Burrell, K. Rodriguez, S.S. Crowne, C. Rohde, and A. Duggan. 2007. Impact of a Statewide Home Visiting Program on Parenting and on Child Health and Development. Child Abuse & Neglect 31 (8):829–52.
33. Addition of intensive home visitation component to (CAMP), Colorado Stevens-Simon, C., D. Nelligan, and L. Kelly. 2001. Adolescents at Risk for Mistreating Their Children: Part II: A Home- and Clinic-Based Prevention Program. Child Abuse & Neglect 25 (6):753–69.
34. Home visiting, Philadelphia Marcenko, M.O., and M. Spence. 1994. Home Visitation Services for At-Risk Pregnant and Postpartum Women: A Randomized Trial. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 64 (3):468–78.
35. REACH-Futures program, Chicago Norr, K.F., K.S. Crittenden, E.L. Lehrer, O. Reyes, C.B. Boyd, K.W. Nacion, and K. Watanabe. 2003. Maternal and Infant Outcomes at One Year for a Nurse-Health Advocate Home Visiting Program Serving African Americans and Mexican Americans. Public Health Nursing 20 (3):190–203.
36. New Mexico and Arizona Healthy Families America Barlow, A., E. Varipatis-Baker, K. Speakman, G. Ginsburg, I. Friberg, N. Goklish, B. Cowboy, P. Fields, R. Hastings, W. Pan, R. Reid, M. Santosham, and J. Walkup. 2006. Home-Visiting Intervention to Improve Child Care among American Indian Adolescent Mothers—A Randomized Trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 160 (11):1101–7.
37a. Early Head Start, home-based only, 17 sites across USA Love, J.M., E.E. Kisker, C. Ross, H. Raikes, J. Constantine, K. Boller, J. Brooks-Gunn, R. Chazan-Cohen, L.B. Tarullo, C. Brady-Smith, A.S. Fuligni, P.Z. Schochet, D. Paulsell, and C. Vogel. 2005. The Effectiveness of Early Head Start for 3-Year-Old Children and Their Parents: Lessons for Policy and Programs. Developmental Psychology 41 (6):885–901.
37b. Early Head Start, mixed (home- and center-based), 17 sites across USA
38. Healthy Steps for Young Children Program (HS), Pacific Northwest, USA, and Canada Johnston, B.D., C.E. Huebner, M.L. Anderson, L.T. Tyll, and R.S. Thompson. 2006. Healthy Steps in an Integrated Delivery System—Child and Parent Outcomes at 30 Months. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 160 (8):793–800.
39. Home visiting, Damascus, Syria Bashour, H.N., M.H. Kharouf, A.A. Abdulsalam, K. El Asmar, M.A. Tabbaa, and S.A. Cheikha. 2008. Effect of Postnatal Home Visits on Maternal/Infant Outcomes in Syria: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Public Health Nursing 25 (2):115–25.
40. Cognitive extension of the Healthy Start Program, Santa Barbara, California Bugental, D.B., and A. Schwartz. 2009. A Cognitive Approach to Child Mistreatment Prevention among Medically At-Risk Infants. Developmental Psychology 45 (1):284–88.
41. Home visiting, Yamanashi, Japan Cheng, S., N. Kondo, Y. Aoki, Y. Kitamura, Y. Takeda, and Z. Yamagata. 2007. The Effectiveness of Early Intervention and the Factors Related to Child Behavioral Problems at Age 2: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Early Human Development 83 (10):683–91.
42. Modified Mother-Infant Transaction Program (MITP), Norway Kaaresen, P.I., J.A. Ronning, S.E. Ulvund, and L.B. Dahl. 2006. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of an Early-Intervention Program in Reducing Parenting Stress after Preterm Birth. Pediatrics 118 (1):e9–19.
43. REST, Utah Keefe, M.R., K.A. Kajrlsen, M.L. Lobo, A.M. Kotzer, and W.N. Dudley. 2006. Reducing Parenting Stress in Families with Irritable Infants. Nursing Research 55 (3):198–205.
44. Home visiting, Ontario, Canada Steel O’Connor, K.O., D.L. Mowat, H.M. Scott, P.A. Carr, J.L. Dorland, and K.F.W. Young Tai. 2003. A Randomized Trial of Two Public Health Nurse Follow-Up Programs after Early Obstetrical Discharge: An Examination of Breastfeeding Rates, Maternal Confidence and Utilization and Costs of Health Services. Canadian Journal of Public Health 94 (2):98–103.
45a. Parent-Infant intervention model, Ontario, Canada Barrera, M.E., P.L. Rosenbaum, and C.E. Cunningham. 1986. Early Home Intervention with Low-Birth-Weight Infants and Their Parents. Child Development 57 (1):20–33.
45b. Developmental intervention (control), Ontario, Canada

Note: Program numbers 16a and 16b; 25a, 25b, and 25c; 26a and 26b; 29a and 29b; 37a and 37b; and 45a and 45b share the same reference(s).