Table 1.

Summary of studies of low-level mercury exposure.

Outcome	No. of studies	Sample size (range)	Age (range)	Exposure measures	References
Birth outcomes and infant growth
Birth weight		8		41–645		—		Cord blood, cord tissue, maternal hair		Daniels et al. 2007; Drouillet-Pinard et al. 2010; Gundacker et al. 2010; Lederman et al. 2008; Lee et al. 2010; Lucas et al. 2004; Ramon et al. 2009; Sikorski et al.1986
Birth length		5		41–645		—		Cord blood, maternal hair		Drouillet-Pinard et al. 2010; Gundacker et al. 2010; Lederman et al. 2008; Ramon et al. 2009; Sikorski et al. 1986
Head circumference		4		41–645		—		Cord blood, maternal hair		Drouillet-Pinard et al. 2010; Gundacker et al. 2010; Lederman et al. 2008; Sikorski et al. 1986
Gestational age		5		329–1,024		—		Cord blood, cord tissue, maternal hair		Daniels et al. 2007; Drouillet-Pinard et al. 2010; Lederman et al. 2008; Lucas et al. 2004; Xue et al. 2007
Infant growth		1		921		24 months		Cord blood		Kim et al. 2011
Neurologic outcomes
Birth–2 years		10		53–1,054		Birth–26 months		Cord blood, cord tissue, infant hair, maternal hair, maternal blood		Barbone et al. 2004; Cace et al. 2011; Cao et al. 2010; Daniels et al. 2004; Gao et al. 2007; Jedrychowski et al. 2006, 2007; Lederman et al. 2008; Oken et al. 2005; Suzuki et al. 2010
3–6 years		11		72–1,778		36 months– 6 years		Cord blood, child hair, child blood, maternal hair, maternal blood		Cao et al. 2010; Després et al. 2005; Freire et al. 2010; Ha et al. 2009; Jedrychowski et al. 2007; Lederman et al. 2008; Oken et al. 2008; Plusquellec et al. 2010; Saint-Amour et al. 2006; Stewart et al. 2003; Surkan et al. 2009
7–14 years		6		100–1,778		7–14 years		Cord blood, child hair, child blood		Boucher et al. 2010; Cao et al. 2010; Cheuk and Wong 2006; Ha et al. 2009; Surkan et al. 2009; Torrente et al. 2005
Adults		4		106–474		17 to ≥ 81 years		Adult hair, adult blood		Johansson et al. 2002; Philibert et al. 2008; Weil et al. 2005; Yokoo et al. 2003
Cardiovascular outcomes
		8		Prospective cohort: 1,014–1,871		16–75 years		Hair, blood, toenail, urine mercury		Guallar et al. 2002; Mozaffarian et al. 2011; Rissanen et al. 2000; Salonen et al. 1995, 2000; Virtanen et al. 2005; Wennberg et al. 2011; Yoshizawa et al. 2002
				Case–control: 431–3,427 cases; 464–3,427 controls
Blood pressure		1		1,240		16–49 years		Blood mercury		Valera et al. 2009; Vupputuri et al. 2005
Immunologic outcomesa
		1		Prospective cohort: 582		29–39 months		Hair (child, maternal)		Miyake et al. 2011
		3		Cross-sectional: 61–112		Newborns		Blood (cord, maternal delivery)		Belles-Isles et al. 2002; Bilrha et al. 2003; Nyland et al. 2011a
		1		Cross-sectional: 1,990		≥ 20 years		Blood		Park and Kim 2011
See also Supplemental Material, Table S1–S4 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104494). aStudies published since the NRC report (NRC 2000).