Table 3.

Factors to consider for interactions, effect modification, and potential confounding.

Humans	Animal and mechanistic models
Age, BMI, sex, physical activity, socioeconomic variables, food consumption/dietary intake, smoking status, concurrent medication (e.g., statins, metformin), significant exposures to other agents, measure of health status including kidney function and recent weight changes Developmental studies: maternal BMI, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, maternal age, maternal diabetes (gestational or type 2), maternal diet, parental smoking, infant diet (breast-feeding vs. formula feeding), introduction of food during nursing period, childhood diet, childhood physical activity		Postnatal diet and dietary factors, including high-fat diet challenges Animal models: consider species and strain differences (e.g., chemical-specific pharmacokinetics, PPARα and other receptors in rodent and human), disease state of interest (type 1 or type 2 diabetes), genetic diversity of the model