. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jun 29.

Published in final edited form as: Intensive Care Med. 2011 Nov 30;38(1):145–152. doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2405-z

Table 6.

Use of morphine and midazolam during withholding or withdrawal of therapy in both periods.

	Period 1 N=306			Period 2 N=700
Pain and Anxiety Relieving Medication	Withholding only N=68	Withdrawal only N=102	Withholding and Withdrawal N=136	Withholding only N=165	Withdrawal only N=288	Withholding and Withdrawal N=247
Morphine^*	2 (3%)	10 (10%)	20 (15%)	20 (12%)	167 (58%)	163 (66%)
Midazolam^*	2 (3%)	8 (8%)	17 (13%)	15 (9%)	129 (45%)	133 (54%)

Totals exceed 100% as both drugs could be used in the same patient.

p<0.05 for comparison period 1 vs period 2 for the three categories