Table 1.

Characteristics of 109 Studies Included in a Review of the Literature (1965–2011) Evaluating Curricula for Teaching Medical Trainees to Counsel Patients for Behavior Change

Study characteristics	No. of studies
Type of study*
Randomized controlled trial	23
Prospective cohort with historical control	11
Prospective cohort with pre/post comparison	64
Prospective cohort without baseline	15
Retrospective cohort	1
Other†	28
IRB approval mentioned	43
Expected learning outcomes*
Interpersonal communication	101
Personal behavior change	8
Change in trainee attitude/awareness	52
Other outcomes‡	8
Country
United States	98
Other	11
Single/multi institution
Single institution	93
Multi institution	16
Learner level*
MS1§	22
MS2	17
MS3	28
MS4	9
MS other or unspecified	7
PGY1¶	26
PGY2	24
PGY3	22
PGY4	4
PGY unspecified	17
Fellow	1
Specialty*
Internal medicine	36
Not specified/other**	44
Family medicine	30
Pediatrics	15
Psychiatry	5
Surgery	3
Emergency medicine	2
Obstetrics–gynecology	2
Multi-disciplinary	1
Neurology	1

^*More than one answer was possible in the category.

^†Includes quasi-randomized (comparison of non-randomized individuals in groups), studies with multiple designs listed above, or designs that do not fit a category above.

^‡Self-confidence, self-efficacy, increased knowledge, patient outcomes.

^§MS = Medical Student

^¶PGY = Post Graduate Year

^**Includes pre-clerkship curricula, ambulatory care outside of a single discipline, subspecialty practice