Table 4.
Summary of the preclinical and clinical literature on nicotine-induced BBB dysfunction.
| In vitro BBB model | Decreased transendothelial resistance (TEER)1,2 |
| Increased leakage of FITC-Dextran,[14]Sucrose, and toxins3,4,5 | |
| Increased transmigration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and expression of adhesion molecules2,6,7 | |
| Decreased expression of zona occludin 1 (ZO-1), occludin, and cadherins2,4,8 | |
| Changes in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), ion channels, and transporter systems9,10, 11, 12 | |
| Rodent models | Increased leakage of Evans Blue,[14]Sucrose, and peripheral toxins8,12,13, 14,15 |
| Increased edema16,17 | |
| Decreased expression of zona occludin 1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-58,12 | |
| Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines18 | |
| Changes in nAChRs, ion channels, and transporter systems19,20,21 | |
| Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)8,22,23 |
1Rodriguez-Gaztelumendi et al. (2011); 2Hutamekalin et al. (2008); 3Schilling et al. (1992); 4Abbruscato et al. (2002); 5Chen et al. (2002); 6Albaugh et al. (2004); 7Speer et al. (2002); 8Manda et al. (2010a,b); 9Liou et al. (2007); 10Yang et al. (2006); 11Paulson et al. (2006); 12Abbruscato et al. (2004); 13Hawkins et al. (2005); 14Uzum et al. (1999); 15Lin et al. (1992); 16Wang et al. (1997); 17Paulson et al. (2010); 18Bradford et al. (2011); 19Canis et al. (2009); 20Lockman et al. (2005); 21Wang et al. (1994); 22Gerzanich et al. (2003); 23Yong et al. (1997).