TABLE 2.
Summary of results from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II)
| Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) Rauh et al., 2006 |
Center for Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Eskenazi et al., 2007 |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure measurement | CPF in umbilical cord blooda | TCPy in maternalb urine | DEPs and DAPs in maternalb and child urine |
| Exposure variable format | Categorical: (>6.17 pg/g- vs. ≤6.17 pg/g) | Categorical: (<LOD (reference), below median detected level, above median detected level) | Continuous: (nmol/L – log10) |
| Sample size for analysis | Range: 225–229 | Not reported. TCPy detected in 91% of 445 maternal (prenatal) urine samples | Not reported. Urine metabolite measures available for 445 women (prenatal) and 373 children at 24 mo |
| BSID:MDIβ (95% CI); Positive associations (β 0) indicate biomarkers associated with higher (better) MDI scores | |||
| 6 mo | Not measured | <Median: 0.24 (–2.12, 2.60) | Maternal DEPs: −0.16 (–1.96, 1.65) |
| Child DEPs: 0.24 (–0.78, 1.25) | |||
| ≥Median: 0.08 (–2.29, 2.44) | Maternal DAPs: −1.15 (–2.89, 0.59) | ||
| Child DAPs: −0.17 (–1.23, 0.90) | |||
| 12 mo | –0.344 (SE = 1.66) | <Median: −0.45 (–3.67, 2.76) | Maternal DEPs: −1.14 (–3.51, 1.22) |
| Child DEPs: 1.89 (0.21, 3.58)* | |||
| Median: −0.65 (–3.88, 2.58) | Maternal DAPs: −1.34 (–3.59, 0.92) | ||
| Child DAPs: 1.36 (–0.05, 2.78) | |||
| 24 mo | –1.480 (SE = 2.03) | <Median: −1.02 (–5.34, 3.31) | Maternal DEPs: −0.85(–3.98, 2.27) |
| Child DEPs: 1.02 (–0.52, 2.57) | |||
| ≥Median: −1.94 (–6.26, 2.37) | Maternal DAPs: –3.54 (–6.59, −0.49)* | ||
| Child DAPs: 2.37 (0.50, 4.24)* | |||
| 36 mo | –3.327 (SE = 1.76) | Not measured | Not measured |
| Covariates included in the regression models | Race, gender, maternal education, maternal IQ, gestational age, prenatal ETS exposure | Psychometrician, location, exact age at assessment, gender, breast-feeding duration, HOME score, household income above poverty threshold, parity, maternal PPVT. | Psychometrician, location, exact age at assessment, gender, breast-feeding duration, HOME score, household income above poverty threshold, maternal PPVT. |
|
“Mental Delay” (BSID:MDI ≤ 85)c, OR (95% CI); Positive associations (OR>1) indicates biomarkers associated with MDI scores ≤ 85 (worse scores) | |||
| 12 mo | 1.22 (0.48–3.06) | Not reported | Not reported |
| 24 mo | 1.75 (0.86–3.60) | Not reported | Not reported |
| 36 mo | 2.37 (1.08–5.19)* | Not measured | Not measured |
| Covariates included in the regression models | Race, gender, maternal education, maternal IQ, gestational age, prenatal ETS exposure, home environment | ||
|
BSID: PDI β(95% CI); Positive associations (β>0) indicates biomarkers associated with higher (better) PDI scores | |||
| 6 mo | Not measured | <Median: −0.56 (–4.03, 2.91) | Maternal DEPs: 0.02 (–2.63, 2.67) |
| Child DEPs: 0.60(–0.89, 2.09) | |||
| ≥Median: −0.21 (–3.69, 3.27) | Maternal DAPs: −0.71 (–3.28, 1.86) | ||
| Child DAPs: 0.39 (–1.18, 1.97) | |||
| 12 mo | –3.30 (SE = 2.11) | <Median: −0.70 (–5.26, 3.86) | Maternal DEPs: 0.30 (–3.03, 3.63) |
| Child DEPs: 1.91 (–0.46, 4.27) | |||
| ≥Median: −1.62 (–6.20, 2.96) | Maternal DAPs: −0.60 (–3.77, 2.57) | ||
| Child DAPs: 1.22 (–0.78, 3.21) | |||
| 24 mo | 1.17 (SE = 1.98) | <Median: −2.65 (–6.50, 1.21) | Maternal DEPs: −0.86 (–3.64, 1.92) |
| Child DEPs: 0.30 (–1.07, 1.67) | |||
| ≥Median: −2.72 (–6.57, 1.12) | Maternal DAPs: −1.28 (–4.01, 1.46) | ||
| Child DAPs: 1.06 (–0.62, 2.74) | |||
| 36 mo | –6.46 (SE = 2.18)* | Not measured | Not measured |
| Covariates included in the regression models | Race, gender, maternal education, maternal IQ, gestational age, maternal ETS exposure | Psychometrician, location, exact age at assessment, gender, breast-feeding duration, HOME score, household income above poverty threshold, parity, maternal PPVT. | Psychometrician, location, exact age at assessment, gender, breast-feeding duration, HOME score, household income above poverty threshold, maternal PPVT. |
|
“Psychomotor Delay” (BSID:PDI ≤ 85)c OR (95% CI); Positive associations (OR>1) indicates biomarkers associated with PDI scores ≤ 85 (worse scores) | |||
| 12 mo | 1.88 (0.78,4.53) | Not reported | Not reported |
| 24 mo | 1.01 (0.37,2.76) | Not reported | Not reported |
| 36 mo | 4.52 (1.61,12.70)* | Not measured | Not measured |
| Covariates included in the regression models | Race, gender, maternal education, maternal IQ, gestational age, prenatal ETS exposure, home environment | ||
Abbreviations: DAPs = total dialkyl phosphates; DEPs = diethylphosphates; DMPs = dimethylphosphates; ETS: environmental tobacco smoke, HOME = Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.
a
Maternal blood was used when cord blood was unavailable.
b
Maternal samples were collected during pregnancy.
c
Threshold for mental and psychomotor “delay” corresponds to 1 standard deviation and was defined by Rauh et al. (2006).
*
p<.05, significance bolded for emphasis.