TABLE 3.
Summary of results from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
| Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) | Center for Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rauh et al., 2006 | Eskenazi et al., 2007 | ||
| Exposure measurement | CPF in umbilical cord blooda | TCPy in maternalb urine | DEPs and DAPs in maternalb and child urine |
| Exposure variable format | Categorical: (>6.17 pg/g vs. ≤6.17 pg/g) | Categorical: (<LOD (reference), below median detected level, above median detected level) | Continuous: (nmol/L – log10) |
| Sample size for analysis | 228 | Not reported. TCPy detected in 91% of 445 maternal urine samples | Not reported. Urine metabolite measures available for 445 women (prenatal) and 373–405 children depending on timing (age) of follow-up testing. |
| Age at assessment | 36 mo | 24 mo | |
|
CBCLc OR (95% CI): Positive associations (OR >1) indicate biomarkers are associated with maternal reports indicating more CBCL problems. | |||
| Attention problems | 11.26 (1.79–70.99)* | No statistically significant associations, data not reported | Maternal DEPs: 0.78 (0.26, 2.31)Child DEPs: 1.02 (0.61, 1.71) |
| Maternal DAPs: 0.77 (0.27–2.24) | |||
| Child DAPs: 1.41 (0.75, 2.64) | |||
| ADHD problems | 6.50 (1.09–38.69)* | No statistically significant associations, data not reported | Maternal DEPs: 0.59 (0.21, 1.68) |
| Child DEPs: 1.18 (0.72, 1.94) | |||
| Maternal DAPs: 1.34 (0.50, 3.59) | |||
| Child DAPs: 1.11 (0.61, 2.03) | |||
| PDD problems | 5.39 (1.21–24.11)* | No statistically significant associations, data not reported | Maternal DEPs: 0.88 (0.37, 2.07) |
| Child DEPs: 1.72 (1.12, 2.64)* | |||
| Maternal DAPs: 2.25 (0.99, 5.16) | |||
| Child DAPs: 1.71 (1.02, 2.87)* | |||
| Covariates included in the regression models | Race, gender, maternal education, maternal IQ, gestational age, prenatal ETS exposure, home environment | Not reported | Gender, exact age at assessment, breast-feeding duration, HOME score, household income above poverty threshold, parity, maternal PPVT, maternal depression |
Abbreviations: DAPs = total dialkyl phosphates; DEPs = diethylphosphates; DMPs = dimethylphosphates; ETS: environmental tobacco smoke, HOME = Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; PDD = pervasive developmental disorder; CPF = chlorpyrifos.
Maternal blood was used when cord blood was unavailable.
Maternal blood was collected during pregnancy.
Measured at 36 mo in Rauh et al. (2006) and 24 mo in Eskenazi et al. (2007). Rauh et al. 2006 dichotomized the participants’ CBCL scores at the 98th percentile and Eskenazi 2007 dichotomized the participants’ CBCL scores at the 93rd percentile.
p < .05 significance bolded for emphasis.