Table 4.
Independent variable | Incarcerated Men (N = 3,877) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interpersonal Problems | Self-regulation Problems | Aggression | Hopelessness | ||
Level 2 (Reliability) | 0.366 | 0.030 | 0.001 | 0.567 | |
Mean age of inmate population | −0.03 ** | −0.004 | −0.25 ** | 0.004 | |
Level 1 | |||||
Age | −0.04 ** | −0.03 ** | −0.26 ** | −0.02 * | |
Race: White | 0.51 ** | 0.34 ** | 1.47 * | 1.09 ** | |
Latino | −0.03 | −0.03 | −1.22 * | 0.47 ** | |
Other a | 0.15 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.50 * | |
Education (>high school/GED vs. less) | −0.23 ** | −0.22 ** | −1.19 * | −0.55 ** | |
Time incarcerated since 18 | 0.04 ** | 0.04 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.04 ** | |
Type of crime: Sex Crime | −0.28 * | −0.73 ** | −1.08 | −0.09 | |
Violent Crime | 0.58 ** | 0.03 | 2.35 ** | −0.10 | |
Physical trauma <18 (Yes = 1) | 0.48 ** | 0.44 ** | 2.70 ** | −0.17 | |
Sexual trauma <18 (Yes = 1) | 0.34 * | 0.35 * | 0.42 | 0.55 * | |
Physical trauma 18+ (Yes = 1) | 0.65 ** | 0.45 ** | 2.48 ** | 0.59 ** | |
Sexual trauma 18+ (Yes = 1) | 0.52 * | 0.46 * | 1.54 | 0.85 * | |
Abandoned <18 (Yes = 1) | 0.27 * | 0.28 * | 1.79 * | 0.44 * | |
Abandoned 18+ (Yes =1) | 0.51 ** | 0.42 ** | 1.55 * | 0.42 * | |
Test Statistics | |||||
Chi-square | 12.09 | 5.01 | 4.30 | 21.12 | |
Df | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
p-value | 0.147 | >0.5 | >0.5 | 0.007 |
a Other race/ethnicity group includes: American Indian, Asian, Bi-racial, and other, unspecified; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001.