TABLE 2.
Yin Yang 1–Repressed Genes/Promoters
| Gene/Promoter | Function of the Gene Product | Mechanism/Observation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Oncogenic and/or overexpressed genes | |||
| Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 | Mediates tumor cell invasion | YY1 depletion activates the gene expression and reduces H3-K9 tri-methylation | 217 |
| interferon β | Potential target in cancer therapy | YY2 antagonizes the repression by YY1, Sin3A/NCoR/HDACs complex is recruited by YY1 | 108,218 |
| Has2 | Oncogenic role | Together with SP1; O-GlcNAc modification alteres this regulation | 139 |
| Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) | Oncogenic role | Phosphatase and tensin homolog released this repression | 97 |
| HOXB13 | Promotes cancer progression | HDAC4 is recruited | 83,219 |
| Hepatitis B virus pre-S mutants | Viral oncoproteins | A feedback inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin activation; HDAC1 is recruited | 220 |
| MAT2A | Upregulated in cancers; potential oncogenic role | Insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulates YY1-binding to the promoter | 145 |
| Matrix metalloproteinase-9 | Increasingly expressed in various cancers | Mono-ubiquitinated YY1 binds C-terminal binding protein; HDAC3 is recruited | 102 |
| ORF50 promoter | Regulates lytic replication of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus | Fusion of E1A with YY1 activates the ORF50 promoter | 23 |
| PVT1 | Oncogenic role | A mutation leading to reduced YY1 causes PVT1 overexpression | 221 |
| Steroidogenic acute regulatory | Related to some cancers, e.g., glial tumors | HDAC1 is recruited | 222,223 |
| B. Tumor suppression genes | |||
| CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (CEBPD) | Tumor suppressor | Recruit enhancer of zeste homolog 2, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B | 62 |
| Chondromodulin-I | An angiogenesis inhibitor | HDAC2 is recruited by YY1 | 67 |
| Death receptor 5 (DR5) | Receptor in extrinsic apoptosis pathway | Rituximab inhibits DNA binding of YY1 and releases this repression | 68,154 |
| KISS1 | Metastasis suppressor | Sp1 is not involved. | 66 |
| microRNA-29 | Tumor suppressor of rhabdomyosarcoma | Through binding to a conserved regulatory region | 70 |
| microRNA-206 | Promotes cell apoptosis | c-Jun and c-Fos antagonize this regulation | 71 |
| p21 | Leads to cell cycle arrest | YY1 antagonizes p53-mediated transcription | 49,65 |
| p16(INK4a) | Tumor suppressor | HDAC3 and HDAC4 are recruited | 64 |
| Peg3 and Usp29 (via conserved sequence binding element 1) | Peg3: Tumor suppression Usp29: ubiquitin-specific protease 29 | Multiple YY1-interacting sites are detected | 197 |
| Retinoblastoma | Tumor suppressor | GA binding protein and host cell factor 1 are involved in this regulation | 63 |
| C. Other regulatory proteins related to cancers | |||
| α3β1-integrin | Contradictory role in cancer invasion | c-Myc, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding, and HDACs are involved | 170 |
| CD30 | A member of the TNF receptor family; related to lymphoma | Directly binds the promoter | 224 |
| CXCR4, CXCR7 | Chemokine receptor; related to breast cancer cell migration | The regulation is regulated divergently by hypoxia | 225,226 |
| PPAR-δ | Nuclear receptor proteins regulate gene expression | Directly binds the promoter | 227 |
| ERCC5/XPG | DNA repair gene | E2F1 is involved in this regulation | 228 |
| Cyclin D1 | Regulates Cdk4 function | HDAC1 is recruited | 65,229 |
| Involucrin | A marker of differentiation | c-Jun is involved in this regulation | 230–232 |
| Hoxd4 | Regulates morphogenesis | MEL18 also recruited | 233 |
DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; HDAC, histone deacetylase; YY1, Yin Yang 1.