TABLE 4.
Factors and Mechanisms Regulating the Function and Expression of Yin Yang 1
| Factor | Effect on YY1 | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| YY1 | Negative feedback; binding intron 1 | 124 |
| Insulin-like growth factor-1 | Activation | 143 |
| Fibroblast growth factor-2 | Activation | 146 |
| Hepatitis B virus protein | Activation | 56 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α/NF-κB | Activation | 125,126 |
| Morphine | Stimulates YY1 expression | 148 |
| Lysophosphatidylcholine (it has proliferative and antiapoptotic effects) | Enhances YY1 expression | 149 |
| C/EBP-β | Induces YY1 activity | 252 |
| Estrogen-related receptor γ | Induces YY1 expression | 71 |
| Interleukin-15 | Represses YY1 expression | 204 |
| Prohibitin | Represses YY1 (through E2F1 binding site) | 129 |
| MicroRNA-29 | Inhibits YY1 translation | 46,70 |
| MicroRNA-34a | Inhibits YY1 translation | 156,157 |
| DETANONOate (nitric oxide donor) | Inhibits YY1 messenger RNA synthesis and YY1-DNA association by causing S-nitrosation of YY1 | 151,152 |
| Saquinavir | Down-regulates YY1 | 68,185 |
| Staphylococcal enterotoxin A | Reduces YY1 expression 15-fold in peripheral blood mononuclear cells | 153 |
| Naloxone | Down-regulates YY1 expression | 148 |
| Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP, a signal transduction modulator and metastasis suppressor) | Down-regulates YY1 via NF-κB inhibition | 128,253 |
| Rituximab | Inhibits YY1 expression | 127,155 |
| Retinoblastoma Rb | Inhibits DNA binding of YY1 | 111,140 |
| p53 | Inhibits YY1-Sp1-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor activation | 103 |
| CtBP1 | Necessary for YY1-DNA association | 117 |
| Ring1 and YY1 binding protein (RYBP) | A molecular bridge between YY1 and other PcG complex proteins | 87 |
| Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) | Induces YY1 expression | 147 |
| Fentanyl | induces YY1 phosphorylation | 74 |
| Probucol | Induces YY1 expression | 254 |
| Lipopolysaccharide | Induces YY1 binding to cyclooxygenase-2 promoter | 38 |
| Sumoylation/PIASy | Enhances YY1 sumoylation | 94 |
| Ubiquitination | Enhances DNA binding and interaction with CtBP, histone deacetylase 3 | 102 |
| Different apoptotic stimuli and DNA synthesis inhibitor | Causes YY1 translocation and cleavage | 76,117 |
| Myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) | Enhances YY1 affinity to DNA | 150 |
CtBP, C-terminal binding protein; NF, nuclear factor; YY1, Yin Yang 1.