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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jul 2.
Published in final edited form as: Memory. 2011 May;19(4):360–377. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.570765

Table 2.

Complementary cognitive tasks scores for young, middle-aged and older groups.

Young group Middle-aged group Older group
Executive Functions
 Shifting (in ms) 383 ± 241 489 ± 411 537 ± 337
 Inhibition (/50) 26.69 ± 5.56 a 24.00 ± 5.38 a′ 20.22 ± 5.20 b′ c
 Updating (/16) 10.10 ± 3.69 a 8.25 ± 3.14 6.87 ± 2.90 c
Processing Speed 63.71 ± 18.44 a 74.06 ± 13.60 63.71 ± 18.44 c
Sustained Attention 0.81 ± 0.14 0.86 ± 0.11 0.81 ± 0.14
Binding in Working Memory 0.92 ± 0.08 ab 0.82 ± 0.13 ac 0.67 ± 0.17 bc
Retrospective Episodic Memory (/32) 19.43 ± 2.06 ab 16.25 ± 2.70 c 14.00 ± 4.01 c
PRMQ
 Prospective failures (/40) 19.62 ± 4.39 17.10 ± 4.08 17.13 ± 4.50
 Retrospective failures (/40) 16.24 ± 3.33 16.10 ± 4.63 17.17 ± 5.12

Note:

a

differed significantly from older group;

b

differed significantly from middle-aged group;

c

differed significantly from younger group;

a′ b′ and c′

express a trend for the same contrasts (p < 0.07). ANOVAs on 52 subjects showed the same pattern of results, except that effect of age on updating was marginal, F(1, 49) = 2.85; MSE = 11.45; p < 0.07.