Table 4.

Validation check for effects of illness shocks on expenditure measures

Non-Nairobi sample	Total exp	Food exp	Nonfood subsistence	Propensity to spend on education
Estimate of β	−0.050*** (0.018)	−0.034* (0.020)	−0.023 (0.032)	−0.031* (0.016)
Effect of shock for households at mean distance	0.055* (0.029)	0.011 (0.029)	−0.014 (0.054)	−0.005 (0.027)

With the same controls as in Table 2, including the rich neighborhood index and its interaction with the illness shock (as per Eq. 2). This table looks at differential effects of illness shocks by the distance from a household to the closest M-PESA agent. The table reports the estimated β from Eq. 2 as well as the effect of the illness shock for households that are at the mean distance from an agent. SEs are in parentheses. All expenditure variables (exp) are measured in logs. For the expenditures on health and education, the results are for the sample that spends on health and education and are the intensive margin effects.

*P = 0.10; ***P = 0.01.