Table 1. Study characteristics of each included study.

Reference number	Author	Publication year	Sample origin	Messenger RNA quantification method	Housekeeping gene	Number of subjects	Test results
							TP	FP	FN	TN
9	Lipman et al.	1994	graft biopsy	competitive RT-PCR	GAPDH	26	9	2	1	14
25	Netto et al.	2002	graft biopsy	RT-PCR	β-actin	29	4	1	3	21
			PBL	RT-PCR	β-actin	29	6	0	1	22
26	Vasconcellos et al.	1998	graft biopsy	competitive RT-PCR	GAPDH	31	11	2	0	18
			PBL	competitive RT-PCR	GAPDH	31	9	3	2	17
27	Dias et al.	2008	PBL	RT-PCR	cyclophilin	48	20	7	0	21
			urine	RT-PCR	cyclophilin	50	20	4	0	26
28	Sabek et al.	2002	PBL	RT-PCR	18s rRNA	27	5	5	3	14
29	Lipman et al.	1998	graft biopsy	competitive RT-PCR	GAPDH	21	6	0	5	10
30	Strehlau et al.	1997	graft biopsy	competitive RT-PCR	GAPDH	27	12	1	3	11
31	Li et al.	2001	urine	RT-PCR	cyclophilin	44	20	3	4	17
32	Øzbay et al.	2009	urine	real-time quantitative RT-PCR	cyclophilin	41	21	4	3	13
33	Galante et al.	2006	urine	real-time quantitative RT-PCR	cyclophilin	24	11	1	2	10
34	Shin et al.	2005	PBL	competitive RT-PCR	β-actin	15	5	1	2	7
35	Simon et al.	2003	PBL	real-time quantitative RT-PCR	18s rRNA	16	4	0	1	11
36	Dugr’e et al.	2000	PBL	RT-PCR	β-actin	21	4	1	4	12
37	Dias et al.	2004	graft biopsy	RT-PCR	GAPDH	21	10	5	1	5

Abbreviations: TP, true positive; FP, false positive; FN, false negative; TN, true negative; PBL, peripheral blood leukocyte; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.