Table 4.

Diagnostic and illness characteristics at the time of entry to the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians study, by race

Characteristic	Total			African American			Non–African American			Difference between races
	Total N	N	%	Total N	N	%	Total N	N	%	Test statistic	df	p
Bipolar disorder subtype										χ2=9.18	3	.027
Bipolar I disorder	515	346	67	69	39	57	446	307	69
Bipolar II disorder	515	101	20	69	15	22	446	86	19
Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified	515	58	11	69	11	16	446	47	11
Schizoaffective bipolar type	515	10	2	69	4	6	446	6	1
Onset state										χ2=2.93	4	.57
Depression	409	242	59	52	35	67	357	207	58
Mania	409	76	19	52	10	19	357	66	18
Depression and mania	409	57	14	52	4	8	357	53	15
Hypomania	409	19	5	52	2	4	357	17	5
Depression and hypomania	409	15	4	52	1	2	357	14	4
Mood state at study entry										χ2=18.92	5	.002
Euthymic	515	158	31	69	11	16	446	147	33
Depressed	515	132	26	69	20	29	446	112	25
Manic or hypomanic	515	43	8	69	6	9	446	37	8
Mixed	515	59	11	69	8	12	446	51	11
Recovering	515	93	18	69	23	33	446	70	16
Other or unknown	515	30	6	69	1	1	446	29	7
Lifetime comorbidity
Any mental illness	515	426	83	69	58	84	446	368	83	χ2=.10	1	.75
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder	515	35	7	69	7	10	446	28	6	χ2=1.41	1	.24
Substance abuse or dependence	515	238	46	69	33	48	446	205	46	χ2=.08	1	.77
Anxiety disorder	515	260	50	69	32	46	446	228	51	χ2=.54	1	.46
Eating disorder	515	80	16	69	7	10	446	73	16	χ2=1.76	1	.18
History of suicide attempt	499	194	39	67	33	49	432	161	37	χ2=3.51	1	.061
Family history of mental illness
Any family member	483	384	80	60	48	80	423	336	79	χ2=.01	1	.92
Mother	464	241	52	53	34	64	411	207	50	χ2=3.57	1	.059
Father	449	151	34	45	7	16	404	144	36	χ2=7.32	1	.007
Sibling	454	229	50	54	33	61	400	196	49	χ2=2.79	1	.095
Age at onset of bipolar disorder (M ± SD years)a	20.8±10.7			18.1±9.3			21.2±10.8			t=1.97	407	.049
Duration of illness (M ± SD years)	24.1±13.1			21.4±13.3			24.5±13.1			t=1.57	407	.12
CGI score (M ± SD)b
Total	2.51±1.22			2.65±1.09			2.49±1.24			t=−.99	509	.32
Manic subscale	1.65±.97			1.74±.91			1.64±.98			t=−.73	506	.47
Depressed subscale	2.28±1.19			2.32±1.16			2.28±1.20			t=−.29	509	.77
QLESQ-14 score (M ± SD)c	45.4±10.2			45.1±10.2			45.5±10.3			t=.22	421	.82
GAF score (M ± SD)d	62.9±10.3			62.1±9.06			63.0±10.5			t=.64	504	.52

^aMedian age of 18 years for the total sample, 15 years for African Americans, and 18 years for non–African Americans

^bClinical Global Impression scale. Possible scores range from 1 to 7, with 1 indicating not ill and 7 indicating severely ill.

^c14-item Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire. Possible scores range from 14 to 70, with higher scores indicating better functioning.

^dGlobal Assessment of Functioning scale. Possible scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher functioning. Participants were asked about their functioning in the past week.