Table 3. Randomized, controlled TMS trials in major depression: therapeutic outcome and effect size.

Study	Design	Group 1	N1	% HRSD change	s.d	Group 2	N2	% HRSD change	s.d	Effect (d)	Lower	Upper	Total (n)	p value
Kolbinger et al.(1995)[1]	Parallel	Above thershold rTMS (vertex)	5	16.0	19.9	Sham	5	5.7	33.4	0.34	–1.14	1.82	10	0.567
Kolbinger et al.(1995)[2]	Parallel	Below threshold rTMS(vertex)	5	35.5	17.8	Sham	5	5.7	33.4	1.01	–0.60	2.61	10	0.116
Conca et al.(1996)	Parallel	TMS(8 sites: frontal, temporal and parietal)+ medication	12	57.5	25.0a	Medication only	12	32.4	25.0a	0.97	0.07	1.87	24	0.003
Pascual-Leone et al.(1996b)[1]	Cross-over	LDLPFC rTMS	17	48.0	30.0	LDLPFC sham	17	20	17.0	1.76	0.49	3.03	17	0.002
Pascual-Leone et al.(1996b)[2]	Cross-over	RDLPFC rTMS	17	2.0	20.0	RDLPFC sham	17	2.0	20.0	0.00	–1.04	1.04	17	1.000
George et al.(1997)[1]	Parallel	LDLPFC rTSM	7	23.9	23.1	Sham	5	–15.2	30.9	1.36	–0.15	2.87	12	0.031
George et al.(1997)[2]	Cross-over	LDLPFC rTMS	5	5.6	26.0	Sham	7	–15.8	22.5	0.83	–0.56	2.21	12	0.158
Avery et al.(1999)	Parallel	LDLPFC rTMS	4	42.5	20.0a	Sham	2	10.0	15.0a	1.38	–1.68	4.43	6	0.118
Kimbrell et al.(1999)[1]	Cross-over	LDLPFC rTMS (20Hz)	10	–26.2	63.9	LDLPFC TMS (1 Hz)	10	18.8	21.6	–0.99	–2.59	0.61	10	0.120
Kimbrell et al(1999)[2]	Cross-over	LDLPFC rTMS (20Hz)	3	24.7	10.0	Sham	3	0.9	17.5	0.32	–5.54	6.18	3	0.632
Klein et al.(1999b)	Parallel	RDLPFC TMS	35	46.9	33.1	Sham	32	–7.9	33.1	0.69	0.19	0.19	67	0.007
Loo et al.(1999)	Parallel	LDLPFC rTMS	9	20.0	25.0a	Sham	9	22.7	25.0a	–0.11	–1.11	0.89	18	0.822
Padberg et al.(1999)[1]	Parallel	LDLPFC rTMS	6	5.6	9.5	Sham	6	–5.9	21.2	0.70	–0.63	2.03	12	0.254
Padberg et al.(1999)[2]	Parallel	LDLPFC TMS	6	19.5	14.0		6	–5.9	21.2	1.41	–0.03	2.85	12	0.035
Stikhina et al.(1999)	Parallel	LDLPFC TMS+	15	62.4	25.0a	Sham+ psychotherapy	14	14.5	25.0a	1.65	0.75	2.55	29	0.000
Berman et al.(2000)	Parallel	LDLPFC rTMS	10	31.5	23.4	Sham	10	–0.2	31.7	1.14	0.12	2.15	20	0.020
Eschweiler et al.(2000)	Cross-over	LDLPFC rTMS	10	24.2	43.1	Sham	10	–9.2	43.1	1.77	0.05	3.50	10	0.023
George et al.(2000)[1]	Parallel	LDLPFC rMTS (20Hz)	10	26.4	28.7	Sham	10	21.2	16.0	0.21	–0.73	1.16	20	0.623
George et al.(2000)[2]	Parallel	LDLPFC rTMS(5Hz)	10	48.1	19.2	sham	10	21.2	16.0	1.46	0.37	2.54	20	0.003
Garcia-Toro et al.(2001)	Parallel	LDLPFC rTMS	17	26.0	20.0a	Sham	18	12.6	15.0a	0.76	0.05	1.47	35	0.031
Lisanby et al.(2001b)[1]	Parallel	LDLPFC rTMS+ sertraline	12	20.7	24.9	Sham + sertraline	12	13.3	34.6	0.24	–0.61	1.09	24	0.554
Lisanby et al.(2001b)[2]	Parallel	RDLPFC TMS+ sertaline	12	19.5	26.1	sham +sertaline	12	13.3	34.6	0.20	–0.65	1.04	24	0.625
Manes et al.(2001)	Parallel	LDLPFC rTMS	10	36.6	25.0a	Sham	10	31.7	25.0a	0.19	–0.75	1.14	20	0.670

LDLPFC, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; RDLPFC, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Effect (d), effect size of difference between Group 1 and Group 2; Lower and Upper are estimates of lower and upper 95% confidence intervals for the effect size.

Figures within brackets following the study’s authors refer to specific comparison within a study.

^aIndicates that the s.d was estimated.

Burt T, Lisanby SH, Sackeim HA. Neuropsychiatric applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 5(1):73-103; Subject to the copyright notice provided by Cambridge University Press, Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press and the author (9)