Table 1.

Participant Characteristics for Experiments 1 and 2

	Experiment 1						Experiment 2
	Mean			SD			Mean			SD
	YA	YO	OO	YA	YO	OO	YA	YO	OO	YA	YO	OO
Age (yrs)	20.7*	67.0	79.3*	2.4	3.7	3.8	20.3*	67.3	79.2*	2.4	4.1	3.0
Education (yrs)	14.1	15.5	15.1	1.4	3.3	2.8	14.0	14.9	14.8	1.3	2.4	2.4
GDS (30 max)	2.2	1.3	1.4	2.4	1.4	2.2	1.5	1.7	2.1	2.1	2.3	2.0
WASI Vocab. (80 max)	58.8*	68.0	66.3	6.4	7.5	9.0	58.5*	65.0	64.0	5.4	8.0	6.5
Snellen acuity (20/___)	16.1*	22.8	24.9	4.4	6.7	6.6	15.9*	24.7	25.8	4.1	6.6	7.0
MMSE (30 max)	29.0	29.4	29.1	1.0	0.9	0.8	29.6	29.4	29.1	0.7	1.0	1.0

Note. SD standard deviation, YA young adults, YO young-old adults, OO old-old adults.

GDS Geriatric Depression Scale. Maximum score is 30, with a higher score indicating more endorsed symptoms of depression.

WASI Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1999). Maximum score on the vocabulary subscale is 80 points, with a higher score indicating better performance.

Snellen acuity denominator of the Snellen fraction for corrected near vision. A smaller number indicates better vision.

MMSE Mini Mental State Examination. Maximum score is 30 points, with a higher score indicating better performance.

^*mean scores differed significantly from the young-old adult group according to Student Newman Keuls t test, p < .05.