TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants by Hypertensive Status Among 15 600 Children Aged 3 to 6 Years, Tianjin, China
| Hypertension, n = 2552a | Normotensive, n = 13 048 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | |||
| 3 to younger than 4 | 644 (24.78) | 3384 (25.53) | .42 |
| 4 to younger than 5 | 841 (32.36) | 4117 (43.40) | .19 |
| 5–6.11 | 1114 (42.86) | 3752 (43.40) | .61 |
| Male gender (%) | 1309 (51.29) | 1243 (48.71) | .22 |
| Gestational age, wk | 39.48 (4.25) | 39.47 (3.38) | .54 |
| Birth weight, g | 3450.19 (452.46) | 3424.02 (445.09) | .99 |
| Birth recumbent length, cm | 53.95 (12.26) | 55.06 (14.22) | .0002 |
| Body weight at age 3–6 years, kg | 20.37 (5.10) | 18.41 (3.48) | <.0001 |
| Body height at age 3–6 years, kg | 110.67 (8.40) | 108.51 (7.93) | <.0001 |
| BMI at age 3–6 years, kg/m2 | 16.42 (2.36) | 15.52 (1.48) | <.0001 |
| Body weight for age z score | 0.76 (1.27) | 0.18 (0.96) | <.0001 |
| Body height for age z score | 0.55 (1.00) | 0.17 (0.96) | <.0001 |
| BMI for age z score | 0.62 (1.38) | 0.09 (1.00) | <.0001 |
| Birth-weight categories, g | |||
| <2500 | 28 (1.08) | 139 (1.05) | .90 |
| 2500–2999 | 255 (9.81) | 1350 (10.19) | .56 |
| 3000–3499 | 997 (38.36) | 5437 (41.02) | .01 |
| 3500–3999 | 978 (37.63) | 4691 (35.40) | .03 |
| ≥4000 | 341 (13.12) | 1636 (12.34) | .27 |
| BMI category, % | |||
| Normal | 1798 (69.18) | 11.106 (83.80) | <.0001 |
| Overweight, >85% | 801 (30.82) | 2147 (16.20) | <.0001 |
| Obesity I, >95% | 468 (18.01) | 795 (6.00) | <.0001 |
| Obesity II, >97.7% | 353 (13.58) | 482 (3.64) | <.0001 |
| Weight gain, change in z score | −0.44 (.47) | 0.09 (1.18) | <.0001 |
| Preterm birth, % | 35 (1.35) | 168 (1.27) | .74 |
| Urban | 1425 (54.83) | 6810 (51.38) | .001 |
| History of any disease, % | 30 (1.15) | 179 (1.35) | .42 |
| Having any current disease, % | 26 (1.00) | 133 (1.00) | .99 |
| Father's education, % | |||
| Junior middle school or lower | 729 (28.05) | 4475 (33.77) | <.0001 |
| Senior middle school | 771 (29.67) | 3413 (25.75) | <.0001 |
| University or higher | 1099 (42.29) | 5365 (40.48) | .09 |
| Mother's education, % | |||
| Junior middle school or lower | 757 (29.13) | 4621 (34.87) | <.0001 |
| Senior middle school | 796 (30.63) | 3603 (27.19) | <.0001 |
| University or higher | 1046 (40.25) | 5029 (37.95) | .027 |
| Father's occupation, % | |||
| Blue collar | 659 (25.36) | 3035 (22.90) | .007 |
| Farmer | 374 (14.39) | 2846 (21.47) | <.0001 |
| Office worker | 808 (31.09) | 4007 (30.23) | .39 |
| Service professional worker | 411 (15.81) | 1920 (14.49) | .08 |
| Unemployed worker | 96 (3.69) | 391 (2.95) | .045 |
| Other | 251 (9.66) | 1054 (7.95) | .004 |
| Mother's occupation, % | |||
| Blue collar | 528 (20.32) | 2346 (17.70) | .002 |
| Farmer | 407 (15.66) | 3064 (23.12) | <.0001 |
| Office worker | 794 (30.55) | 4008 (30.24) | .76 |
| Service professional worker | 300 (11.54) | 1336 (10.08) | .03 |
| Unemployed worker | 286 (11.00) | 1238 (9.34) | .009 |
| Other | 284 (10.93) | 1261 (9.51) | .026 |
| Family income, % | |||
| <1000 yuan per mo | 545 (20.97) | 2984 (22.52) | .08 |
| 1000–3000 yuan per mo | 1404 (54.02) | 7198 (54.31) | .79 |
| >3000 yuan per mo | 650 (25.01) | 3071 (23.17) | .04 |
| Father with history of disease, % | |||
| Yes | 76 (2.92) | 293 (2.21) | .03 |
| Mother with history of disease, % | |||
| Yes | 33 (1.27) | 95 (0.72) | .004 |
a
Hypertension was defined as greater than the 90th percentile in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure, as recommended by the 1996 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.15