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. 2011 Dec;128(6):e1459–e1466. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2970

TABLE 1.

Demographic Characteristics, Psychiatric Diagnoses, and Psychotropic Medications According to Medicaid Program Status Category for the 16 969 Continuously Enrolled Youths Who Received Antipsychotic Medication in 2003

Foster Care Only (N = 2310)
 Foster Care and SSI (N = 833)
 Foster Care and TANF (N = 735)
 Foster Care and Adoption (N = 673)
 SSI (N = 8787)
 TANF (N = 3631)
 TOTAL (N = 16 969)
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Gendera
    Female 800 34.6 262 31.5 309 42.0 207 30.8 2236 25.5 1313 36.2 5127 30.2
    Male 1510 65.4 571 68.6 426 57.9 466 69.2 6551 74.6 2318 63.8 11 842 69.8
Racea
    White 1246 53.9 579 69.5 486 66.1 398 59.1 6238 70.9 2477 68.2 11 424 67.3
    Black 864 37.4 196 23.5 194 26.4 222 32.9 1479 16.8 567 15.6 3522 20.8
    Hispanic 123 5.3 1 0.12 1 0.14 30 4.5 308 3.5 145 3.9 608 3.6
    Other 77 3.3 57 6.8 54 7.4 23 3.4 762 8.8 442 12.2 1415 8.3
Age groupa
    <5 y 6 0.26 2 0.24 3 0.41 1 0.15 51 0.58 45 1.2 108 0.64
    5–9 y 270 11.7 61 7.3 79 10.8 157 23.3 1750 19.9 1005 27.7 3322 19.6
    10–14 y 895 38.7 301 36.1 228 31.0 345 51.3 4061 46.2 1622 44.7 7452 43.9
    15–19 y 1139 49.3 469 56.3 425 57.8 170 25.3 2925 33.3 959 26.4 6087 35.9
Plan typea
    Managed care 1188 51.4 411 49.3 332 45.2 422 62.7 6031 68.6 2377 65.5 10 761 63.4
    Fee-for-service 911 39.5 332 39.9 327 44.5 239 35.5 2660 30.3 1227 33.8 5696 33.6
    Both 211 9.1 90 10.8 76 10.3 12 1.8 96 1.1 27 0.7 512 3.0
Psychiatric diagnoses
    ADHDa 1075 46.5 436 52.3 265 36.1 446 66.3 4925 56.1 1898 52.3 9045 53.3
    Anxietya 411 17.8 121 14.5 128 17.4 97 14.4 968 11.0 470 12.9 2195 12.9
    Conduct disordera 819 35.5 350 42.0 261 35.5 191 28.4 2058 23.4 785 21.6 4464 26.3
    Depressiona 855 37.0 391 46.9 372 50.6 174 25.9 2557 29.1 1385 38.1 5734 33.8
    Oppositional defiant disordera 694 30.0 317 38.1 260 35.4 159 23.6 2224 25.3 889 24.5 4543 26.8
    Substance abusea 190 8.2 98 11.8 129 17.6 13 1.9 271 3.1 153 4.2 854 5.0
    Bipolar disordera 469 20.3 275 33.0 171 23.3 120 17.8 1949 22.2 550 15.2 3534 20.8
    Psychosesa 366 15.8 147 17.7 130 17.7 75 11.1 1309 14.9 479 13.2 2506 14.8
    Schizophreniaa 161 6.9 52 6.2 41 5.6 34 5.1 454 5.2 134 3.7 876 5.2
    Autisma 36 1.6 7 0.84 2 0.27 28 4.2 803 9.1 33 0.91 909 5.4
Psychotropic classes
    SGA 2256 97.7 820 98.4 719 97.8 665 98.8 8650 98.4 3604 99.3 16 714 98.5
    Antidepressanta 1377 59.6 529 63.5 501 68.2 379 56.3 4719 53.7 1946 53.6 9451 55.7
    Mood stabilizera 986 42.7 431 51.7 260 35.4 264 39.2 3577 40.7 873 24.0 6391 37.7
    Stimulanta 1142 49.4 429 51.5 286 38.9 477 70.9 5085 57.9 1992 54.9 9411 55.5
Antipsychotic use
    Single useb 1819 79 637 76 597 81 554 82 7062 80 3152 87 13 821 81
    Multiple usec,d 491 21 196 24 138 19 119 18 1725 20 479 13 3148 19
    Nonconcomitant 247 50.3 118 60.2 88 63.8 73 61.3 1129 65.4 388 81.0 2043 64.9
    Concomitant 244 49.7 78 39.8 50 36.2 46 13.4 596 34.6 91 19.0 1105 35.1
Concomitant dayse,f
    31–89 d 151 61.9 62 79.5 38 76.0 30 65.2 395 66.3 67 73.6 743 67.2
    90–179 d 47 19.3 9 11.5 8 16.0 5 10.9 120 20.1 14 15.4 203 18.4
    ≥180 d 46 18.8 7 9.0 4 8.0 11 23.9 81 13.6 10 11.0 159 14.4

SGA percentages do not equal 100% because 1% to 2% received a first-generation antipsychotic.

a

P < .0001.

b

Single versus multiple use; P < .0001.

c

Concomitant versus not concomitant/single use; P < .0001.

d

The percentage is based on the number of all multiple antipsychotic medication users.

e

P < .05.

f

The percentage is based on the number of youths with concomitant use.