Table 4.

Multiple Logistic Regression Models

Risk factors for moderate/severe major depression (PHQ-9 score 15 or more)	OR	95% CI	p Value
Clinical Variables
Diabetes symptoms (range 1–5)	2.48	(1.79–3.43)	<.0001
Diabetes complications
1 vs. 0	1.78	(0.97–3.26)	0.06
2 vs. 0	1.67	(0.86–3.25)	0.13
3+ vs. 0	3.34	(1.51–7.42)	0.003
Linear Trend test	1.37	(1.08–1.74)	0.01
Diabetes Self-Care Activities (mean range 0–7)	0.97	(0.84–1.12)	0.67
Comorbid medical illness (yes vs. no)a	2.02	(1.04–3.96)	0.04
Depression symptoms (SCL-20, range 0–4)	3.70	(2.55–5.38)	<.0001
Dysthymia (yes vs. no)	1.72	(1.12–2.62)	0.01
Anxiety
Anxiety score (BSI, range 0–24)	2.78	(0.95–8.08)	0.06
Severe anxiety (BSI >= 14)	1.13	(1.07–1.19)	<.0001
Chronic pain (yes vs. no)	2.16	1.35–3.46)	0.0013
Financial Stress
Financial situation is getting worse	2.68	(1.68–4.26)	<.0001
Very worried about current financial situation	2.11	(1.36–3.27)	<0.001
No hope that financial situation will get better soon	1.86	(1.12–3.12)	0.02
Cost concerns—medication	1.96	(1.2 –3.22)	<0.01
Social Stress Inventory
Experiencing at least 1 of 12 stressorsb	3.12	(1.53–6.36)	<0.01
Functional Status/Quality of Life
SF-12 Summary Measures (general population mean = 50, higher = better)
MCS (Mental component score)	0.94	(0.91–0.97)	<.0001
PCS (Physical component score)	0.93	(0.91–0.96)	<.0001
Sheehan Disability Scale (scale 0–10)	1.22	(1.12–1.32)	<.0001

Study site, birth place, years in the U.S. language use, age, and gender were controlled in the models.

^aHypertension, arthritis, eye disease, gastrointestinal disease, kidney disease, heart disease, cancer, urinary tract or prostate disease, chronic lung disease, or stroke.

^bWork, unemployment, financial problems, marital/family conflicts, child/care-giving problems, cultural conflicts, legal or immigration problems, serious illness or death of family member, community violence or crime.