Fig. 3.

The major variables involved in astrocyte-independent information processing. aV_pre (mV), 5 Hz input signal generated using the HH model, in response to a stimulus of 10 μA per cm² of frequency 5 Hz and duration 10 ms. b Ca^2 + (nM), fast Ca^2 + oscillations in response to the 5 Hz input signal. c Synaptic glutamate (mM), elevated glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft due to exocytosis of glutamate filled synaptic vesicles from the bouton. d Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) (mV), potential change in the membrane of the post-synaptic spine mediated through AMPAR channels