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Proposed model for HMGB1 regulation of hypertrophy in NRVMs. HMGB1 induces hypertrophy associated with the activation of calcineurin, and this effect can be partially inhibited by CsA pretreatment. The solid arrows show the confirmative effect determined in this study, while the dashed arrows show the possible pathways to be determined. CsA: cyclosporin A; TLR2: Toll-like receptor-2; TLR4: Toll-like receptor-4; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end products.
