Table 1.

Study phases and groups

Phase	Scenario(s)	PPV condition	Management
Phase 1: Testing of	Massive hemorrhage	Accurate PPV	No management
stability (2.5-hour simulation)	Moderate hemorrhage		LIR management
	Mild hemorrhage
Phase 2: Comparison with	Massive hemorrhage	Accurate PPV	No management
practitioner management (1-hour simulation)			Practitioner management
			Practitioner meds/LIR Management
			LIR management
Phase 3: noise and artifact	Mild hemorrhage	Accurate	LIR management
tolerance (2-hour simulation)		Biased
		Fluctuating
		biased and fluctuating

LIR, Learning Intravenous Resuscitator; PPV, pulse-pressure variation.