Table 3.

Final hemodynamic parameters in Phase 1 groups

	No intervention (n = 20)	Closed-loop management (n = 20)	P value
Massive hemorrhage
Fluid given (ml)	300 ± 0	3,420 ± 117
HR (beats/min)	141 ± 29	76 ± 8	< 0.001
MAP (mm Hg)	59 ± 26	91 ± 6	< 0.001
CO (L/min)	3.2 ± 1.8	6.4 ± 0.9	< 0.001
Moderate hemorrhage
Fluid given (ml)	300 ± 0	1,543 ± 54
HR (beats/min)	119 ± 32	73 ± 9	< 0.001
MAP (mm Hg)	76 ± 10	88 ± 7	< 0.005
CO (L/min)	5.0 ± 1.1	6.9 ± 0.8	< 0.001
Mild hemorrhage
Fluid given (ml)	300 ± 0	653 ± 44
HR (beats/min)	77 ± 10	72 ± 9	0.08
MAP (mm Hg)	85 ± 7	87 ± 8.8	0.3
CO (L/min)	6.6 ± 1.0	6.5 ± 1.0	0.73

Data are presented as mean ± SD. CO, cardiac output; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure.