Table 1. Roles of E3 ligases in chromatin.
E3 | Species | Substrate | Process | Mode | Mechanism | Recruitment | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bre1 | Sc Sp Dm Hs | H2B-K123 | Txn initiation | E | Mono | Recruitment | HMTase | 15,16 |
Sc Hs | H2B-K123 | Txn elongation | E | Mono | Decompact | FACT? | 12,13,18 | |
Hs | H2B-K123 | Txn repression | E | Mono | Competition | TFIIS | 17 | |
MSL2 | Hs | H2B-134 | Txn initiation | E | Mono | Recruitment? | HMTase? Bre1? | 20 |
RING1B | Dm, Hs | H2A (H2A.Z) | Txn repression | H | Mono | Masking | HTMase, FACT | 23,27,28 |
Hs | H2A | Txn repression | H | Mono | Recruitment | PRC1 | 29 | |
Hs | H2A | Txn de-repress. | H | Mono | Recruitment | ZRF1 | 29 | |
Hs | H2A | Txn repression | H | Mono | Recruitment | RYBP? | 31 | |
2A-HUB | Hs | H2A | Txn repression | H | Mono | Masking | FACT | 23 |
UBR2 | Mm | H2A | Meiotic silenc. | H | Poly? | Masking? | FACT? | 24 |
BRCA1 | Hs | H2A | Txn repression | H | Mono | Masking? | FACT? | 25 |
SCFPof1 | Sp | Ams2 | Histone levels | S | Poly | Degradation | Proteasome | 34 |
Tom1 | Sc | histones | Histone levels | S | Poly | Degradation | Proteasome | 35 |
Psh1 | Sc Sp Dm Hs | Cse4 | Histone incorp. | E | Poly | Degradation | Proteasome | 36, 37 |
SCFPpa | Ds, Hs | CID | Histone incorp. | E | Poly | Degradation | Proteasome | 38 |
Cul4–Ddb1Cdt2 | Hs | Set8/PR-Set7 | Condensation | E | Poly | Degradation | Proteasome | 42,43,44,45,46 |
SCFSkp2 | Hs | MLL | Cell cycle | S | Poly | Degradation | Proteasome | 47 |
APC/C | Hs | MLL | Cell cycle | S | Poly | Degradation | Proteasome | 47 |
SCFFbx4 | Hs | JMJD2A | Cell cycle | S | Poly | Degradation | Proteasome | 48 |
Not4 | Sc (Hs) | Jhd2 (JARID1C) | Txn | S | Poly | Degradation | Proteasome | 49 |
Cul4–Ddb1Cdt2 | Sp | Epe1 | Boundary | H | ? | ? | ? | 50 |
Cul4–Rik1Raf1/2 | Sp | ? | H3K9me | H | ? | ? | ? | 51,52,53,54,55 |
Cul4–Ddb1DCAF26 | Nc | ? | H3K9me | H | ? | ? | ? | 56,57,58,59 |
Cul2/5–ELC | Cr | ? | H3K9me | H | ? | ? | ? | 60 |
Cul4–Ddb1Msi1 | At | ? | H3K27me | H | ? | ? | ? | 61 |
Cul4–Ddb1EED | Hs | ? | H3K27me | H | ? | ? | ? | 62 |
Msc1 | Sp | ? | HP1 dynamics | H | ? | ? | ? | 63,64,65,66,67,68 |
Cul8–Mms1Mms22 | Sc | Ctf4? | Silencing | H | ? | ? | ? | 69 |
SCFPof3 | Sp | Mcl1 (Ctf4)? | Silencing | H | ? | ? | ? | 70 |
APC/C | Sp | ? | H3K9me | H | ? | ? | ? | 71 |
2A-HUB, 2A-histone ubiquitin ligase; APC/C, anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome; At, Arabidopsis thaliana; BRCA1, breast cancer 1; Bre1, brefeldin A sensitivity; Cr, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Ctf4, chromosome transmission fidelity; Cul2/4/5/8, Cullin 2/4/5/8; Ddb1, DNA damage-binding protein 1; de-repress., de-repression; Dm, Drosophila melanogaster; E, euchromatin; ELC, elongin E; Epe1, enhancer of position effect 1; H, heterochromatin; Hs, Homo sapiens; incorp., incorporation; Msc1, multi-copy suppressor of Chk1; MSL2, male-specific lethal; Mm, Mus musculus; Mms1, methyl methane sulfonate sensitivity 1; mono, monoubiquitylation; Nc, Neurospora crassa; Not4, negative on TATA; Psh1, Pob3/Spt16/histone associated protein; poly, polyubiquitylation; RING1B, really interesting new gene 1B; S, soluble; Sc, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; SCF, Skp1-Cullin-F-box; Sp, Schizosaccharomyces pombe; Tom1, temperature-dependent organization in mitotic nucleus 1; txn, transcription; UBR2, ubiquitin protein ligase E3 in component n-recognin 2.