Table 1.
Baseline, 12 Month Characteristics, and Health Status Changes Over Initial 12 Months of Patients With and Without Depressive Symptom Deterioration
| Deterioration, n=68 | Non-deterioration, n=125 | Test value | df | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Characteristics | |||||
| Female | 59 (86.8) | 106 (84.8) | 0.14 | 1 | 0.71 |
| Hispanic | 65 (95.6) | 124 (99.2) | 2.83 | 1 | 0.09 |
| Age | 53.34±9.70 | 54.51±8.69 | −0.86 | 191 | 0.39 |
| Foreign born | 62 (91.2) | 119 (95.2) | 1.22 | 1 | 0.27 |
| Living in the US ≥10 years | 63 (92.6) | 110 (88.0) | 1.02 | 1 | 0.31 |
| Primary language - Spanish | 57 (83.8) | 113 (90.4) | 1.81 | 1 | 0.18 |
| Less than high school education | 52 (76.5) | 113 (90.4) | 6.89 | 1 | 0.01 |
| Unemployed | 49 (72.1) | 101 (80.8) | 1.94 | 1 | 0.16 |
| Married | 35 (51.5) | 69 (55.2) | 0.25 | 1 | 0.62 |
| History of previous major depression or dysthymia | 52 (76.5) | 55 (44.0) | 18.80 | 1 | <.0001 |
| Chronic Pain | 26 (38.2) | 29 (23.2) | 4.89 | 1 | 0.03 |
| 12-month Clinical Characteristics | |||||
| Depression SCL-20 score | 0.83±0.52 | 0.46±0.38 | 5.27 | 106.3 | <.0001 |
| Depression PHQ-9 score | 6.76±3.54 | 3.82±3.02 | 6.08 | 191 | <.0001 |
| Received antidepressant during previous 12 months | 44 (64.7) | 44 (35.2) | 15.46 | 1 | 0.0001 |
| Received PST/self-reported counseling during previous 12 months | 42 (61.8) | 72 (57.6) | 0.32 | 1 | 0.57 |
| Received both antidepressant and PST/counseling during previous 12 months | 34 (50.0) | 36 (28.8) | 8.56 | 1 | 0.003 |
| SF-12 physical function | 39.75±12.02 | 43.06±10.78 | −1.96 | 191 | 0.05 |
| SDS functional impairment | 3.42±3.08 | 1.63±2.35 | 4.17 | 110.2 | 0.0001 |
| Anxiety BSI score | 3.16±2.85 | 1.54±2.48 | 4.13 | 191 | 0.0001 |
| Number of socioeconomic stressorsa | 2.25±1.59 | 1.59±1.83 | 2.50 | 191 | 0.01 |
| Diabetes symptoms | 1.73±0.49 | 1.44±0.45 | 4.18 | 191 | <.0001 |
| Diabetes complications | 1.38±1.09 | 0.96±0.87 | 2.75 | 113.3 | 0.01 |
| Diabetes selfcare management | 3.21±1.12 | 3.53±1.39 | −1.61 | 191 | 0.11 |
| Worsened Status Over Initial 12 | |||||
| Months | |||||
| Worsened SF-12 physical function | 39 (57.4) | 61 (48.8) | 1.29 | 1 | 0.26 |
| Worsened SF-pain interference | 23 (33.8) | 48 (38.4) | 0.40 | 1 | 0.53 |
| Worsened SDS functional impairment | 36 (52.9) | 42 (33.6) | 6.84 | 1 | 0.01 |
| Number of new ICD-9 diagnoses | 7.22±4.41 | 5.57±3.53 | 2.66 | 114.4 | 0.01 |
| Increased number of socioeconomic stressors | 38 (55.9) | 38 (30.4) | 11.98 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Increased diabetes symptoms | 42 (61.8) | 50 (40.0) | 8.36 | 1 | 0.004 |
| Increased diabetes complications | 35 (51.5) | 41 (32.8) | 6.43 | 1 | 0.01 |
| Less diabetes selfcare management | 34 (50.0) | 54 (43.2) | 0.82 | 1 | 0.36 |
| Increased HbA1c levelb | 35 (58.3) | 64 (61.5) | 0.16 | 1 | 0.69 |
| Increased BMI | 40 (58.8) | 57 (45.6) | 3.08 | 1 | 0.08 |
Data are mean±SD or frequency (%); T-test for continuous data; χ2 test for dichotomous data. SCL-20: 20-item Symptom Checklist; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PST: Problem-Solving Therapy; SF-12: Short-Form Health Survey; SDS: Sheehan Disability Scale; BSI: Brief Symptom Inventory; ICD-9: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; HbA1c: Glycated Hemoglobin; BMI: Body Mass Index.
Work, unemployment, financial problems, marital/family conflicts, child/caregiving problems, cultural conflicts, legal or immigration problems, serious illness or death of family member, community violence or crime.
29 patients were excluded due to no HbA1c test done (8 patients with symptom deterioration, 21 nondeterioration).