Table 1.

Oral manifestations of systemic conditions (Chi et al, 2010)

Clinical Presentation	Associated Condition	Oral Manifestation
Mucosal pallor and atrophy	Anemia	Mucosal pallor; atrophic glossitis; candidiasis (including angular cheilitis); mucosal burning, pain, or tenderness
Oral lesions (including ulcerative, erosive, or white lesions; swelling; erythema)	Lichen planus	Erosive: diffuse erythema and painful ulceration with peripheral radiating striae
		Reticular: white lacy striae, especially on bilateral buccal mucosa
	Lupus erythematosus	Oral discoid lesions; honeycomb plaques; raised keratotic plaques; erythema; purpura; petechiae; irregularly shaped ulcers; cheilitis
	Benign mucus membrane pemphigoid	Diffuse and painful oral ulceration; scarring
	Pemphigus vulgaris	Diffuse and painful oral ulceration; positive Nikolsky’s sign
	Crohn disease	Diffuse mucosal swelling; cobblestone mucosa; localized mucogingivitis; deep linear ulceration; fibrous tissue tags, polyps, or nodules; pyostomatitis vegetans (“snail track” ulcers on an erythematous base); possible aphthous-like ulcers
	Behçet syndrome	Recurrent, painful aphthous-like ulcers, usually numerous and especially involving the soft palate and oropharynx
Change in mucosal pigmentation	Addison disease	Diffuse melanin pigmentation; candidiasis (in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy- candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome)
Periodontal bleeding and inflammation	Diabetes mellitus	Gingivitis; periodontitis; candidiasis; generalized atrophy of the tongue papillae; taste dysfunction; salivary dysfunction; burning mouth syndrome; delayed wound healing
	HIV-associated periodontal disease	Linear gingival erythema: linear band of erythema along the free gingival margin
		Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis: ulceration and necrosis of gingival interdental papillae, gingival bleeding and pain, halitosis.
		Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis: gingival ulceration, necrosis, rapid loss of periodontal attachment, edema, pain, spontaneous hemorrhage
	Thrombocytopenia	Petechiae; purpura; ecchymosis; hemorrhagic bullae; hematomas
	Leukemia	Mucosal bleeding; ulceration; petechiae; diffuse or localized gingival enlargement; secondary infections (e.g., candidiasis, herpes simplex virus infection, periodontal bone loss)
Dental erosion	Gastroesophageal reflux disease	Water brash; xerostomia; burning sensation; halitosis; palatal erythema; dental erosion
	Bulimia and anorexia	Dental erosion; xerostomia; increased caries rate; sialadenosis (especially bilateral parotid enlargement)