Table 3.

	Non-Inherited Modifiers	Type	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	References
OSD	Advanced age		1.6 (1.0 – 2.5)	(Ferencz et al., 1997)
	Alcohol		1.9 (1.0 – 3.4)	(Tikkanen and Heinonen, 1991)
	β-blockers		2.6 (1.3 – 4.4)	(Caton et al., 2009)
	Cigarette		1.63 (1.04 – 2.57)	(Kallen, 1999)
	Obesity		1.29 (1.07 – 1.55)	(Gilboa et al., 2010)
	Thalidomide			(Smithells and Newman, 1992)
AVSD	Cigarette	Non-syndromic	2.5 (1.21 – 5.19)	(Ferencz et al., 1997; Malik et al., 2008)
	Cocaine	Non-syndromic	3.45 (1.05 – 11.40)	(Ferencz et al., 1997)
	Diabetes	Non-syndromic	20.6 (5.6 – 76.4)	(Loffredo et al., 2001a)
		Syndromic	22.8 (7.4 – 70.5)	(Loffredo et al., 2001b)
	Ibuprofen	Syndromic	2.49 (1.42 – 4.34)	(Ferencz et al., 1997)
	Ionizing radiation	Non-syndromic	4.54 (1.36 – 15.18)	(Ferencz et al., 1997)
	Maternal illness	Non-syndromic	2.29 (1.11 – 4.73)	(Cleves et al., 2008)
	Paint	Syndromic	1.77 (1.19 – 2.63)	(Ferencz et al., 1997)
	Varnish	Non-syndromic	4.54 (1.36 – 15.18)	(Ferencz et al., 1997)