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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pain. 2012 Apr 16;16(7):1021–1032. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00148.x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Systemic loperamide dose dependently attenuated heat hyperalgesia in rats after an L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL). (a) The time course of systemic loperamide-induced anti-heat hyperalgesia in rats on days 5–7 post-SNL. (b) The PWLs on the contralateral side were not significantly changed by loperamide or vehicle injection. (c) Systemic loperamide dose dependently reversed heat hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral (left) hind paw at 30 min and 60 min post-injection. (d) However, paw withdrawal latencies (PWLs) on the contralateral side were not significantly changed from the pre-drug injection levels. (e) Neither loperamide at 3.0 mg/kg nor vehicle changed PWL in naïve rats. (f) Percent reversal (%Reversal) of the ipsilateral PWL was calculated as [(post-drug PWL – pre-drug PWL)/(pre-SNL PWL – pre-drug PWL)]x100 at 60 min post-injection and used to compare drug effect at different doses. Data are presented as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus pre-injection level. ##P < 0.01 versus vehicle (20% CDEX) treatment.